Initial upload: MM-IssueLoc Bench v1.0 (canonical + function_level parquet, VCE+ preview, repo downloader)

.gitattributes

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-*.7z filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.arrow filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.avro filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.bin filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.bz2 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.ckpt filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.ftz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.gz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.h5 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.joblib filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.lfs.* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.lz4 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.mds filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.mlmodel filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.model filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.msgpack filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.npy filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.npz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.onnx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.ot filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 *.parquet filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.pb filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.pickle filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.bin filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 *.pkl filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.pt filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.pth filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.rar filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.safetensors filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-saved_model/**/* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.tar.* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.tar filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.tflite filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.tgz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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-*.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 *.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-# Audio files - uncompressed
-*.pcm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.sam filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.raw filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-# Audio files - compressed
-*.aac filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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-*.mp3 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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-*.wav filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-# Image files - uncompressed
-*.bmp filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.gif filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.tiff filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-# Image files - compressed
-*.jpg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.jpeg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.webp filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-# Video files - compressed
-*.mp4 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
-*.webm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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.gitignore

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+# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files
+__pycache__/
+*.py[codz]
+*$py.class
+
+.DS_Store
+# C extensions
+*.so
+
+# Distribution / packaging
+.Python
+build/
+develop-eggs/
+dist/
+downloads/
+eggs/
+.eggs/
+lib/
+lib64/
+parts/
+sdist/
+var/
+wheels/
+share/python-wheels/
+*.egg-info/
+.installed.cfg
+*.egg
+MANIFEST
+
+# PyInstaller
+#   Usually these files are written by a python script from a template
+#   before PyInstaller builds the exe, so as to inject date/other infos into it.
+*.manifest
+*.spec
+
+# Installer logs
+pip-log.txt
+pip-delete-this-directory.txt
+
+# Unit test / coverage reports
+htmlcov/
+.tox/
+.nox/
+.coverage
+.coverage.*
+.cache
+nosetests.xml
+coverage.xml
+*.cover
+*.py.cover
+.hypothesis/
+.pytest_cache/
+cover/
+
+# Translations
+*.mo
+*.pot
+
+# Django stuff:
+*.log
+local_settings.py
+db.sqlite3
+db.sqlite3-journal
+
+# Flask stuff:
+instance/
+.webassets-cache
+
+# Scrapy stuff:
+.scrapy
+
+# Sphinx documentation
+docs/_build/
+
+# PyBuilder
+.pybuilder/
+target/
+
+# Jupyter Notebook
+.ipynb_checkpoints
+
+# IPython
+profile_default/
+ipython_config.py
+
+# pyenv
+#   For a library or package, you might want to ignore these files since the code is
+#   intended to run in multiple environments; otherwise, check them in:
+# .python-version
+
+# pipenv
+#   According to pypa/pipenv#598, it is recommended to include Pipfile.lock in version control.
+#   However, in case of collaboration, if having platform-specific dependencies or dependencies
+#   having no cross-platform support, pipenv may install dependencies that don't work, or not
+#   install all needed dependencies.
+# Pipfile.lock
+
+# UV
+#   Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include uv.lock in version control.
+#   This is especially recommended for binary packages to ensure reproducibility, and is more
+#   commonly ignored for libraries.
+# uv.lock
+
+# poetry
+#   Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include poetry.lock in version control.
+#   This is especially recommended for binary packages to ensure reproducibility, and is more
+#   commonly ignored for libraries.
+#   https://python-poetry.org/docs/basic-usage/#commit-your-poetrylock-file-to-version-control
+# poetry.lock
+# poetry.toml
+
+# pdm
+#   Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include pdm.lock in version control.
+#   pdm recommends including project-wide configuration in pdm.toml, but excluding .pdm-python.
+#   https://pdm-project.org/en/latest/usage/project/#working-with-version-control
+# pdm.lock
+# pdm.toml
+.pdm-python
+.pdm-build/
+
+# pixi
+#   Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include pixi.lock in version control.
+# pixi.lock
+#   Pixi creates a virtual environment in the .pixi directory, just like venv module creates one
+#   in the .venv directory. It is recommended not to include this directory in version control.
+.pixi
+
+# PEP 582; used by e.g. github.com/David-OConnor/pyflow and github.com/pdm-project/pdm
+__pypackages__/
+
+# Celery stuff
+celerybeat-schedule
+celerybeat.pid
+
+# Redis
+*.rdb
+*.aof
+*.pid
+
+# RabbitMQ
+mnesia/
+rabbitmq/
+rabbitmq-data/
+
+# ActiveMQ
+activemq-data/
+
+# SageMath parsed files
+*.sage.py
+
+# Environments
+.env
+.envrc
+.venv
+env/
+venv/
+ENV/
+env.bak/
+venv.bak/
+
+# Spyder project settings
+.spyderproject
+.spyproject
+
+# Rope project settings
+.ropeproject
+
+# mkdocs documentation
+/site
+
+# mypy
+.mypy_cache/
+.dmypy.json
+dmypy.json
+
+# Pyre type checker
+.pyre/
+
+# pytype static type analyzer
+.pytype/
+
+# Cython debug symbols
+cython_debug/
+
+# PyCharm
+#   JetBrains specific template is maintained in a separate JetBrains.gitignore that can
+#   be found at https://github.com/github/gitignore/blob/main/Global/JetBrains.gitignore
+#   and can be added to the global gitignore or merged into this file.  For a more nuclear
+#   option (not recommended) you can uncomment the following to ignore the entire idea folder.
+# .idea/
+
+# Abstra
+#   Abstra is an AI-powered process automation framework.
+#   Ignore directories containing user credentials, local state, and settings.
+#   Learn more at https://abstra.io/docs
+.abstra/
+
+# Visual Studio Code
+#   Visual Studio Code specific template is maintained in a separate VisualStudioCode.gitignore 
+#   that can be found at https://github.com/github/gitignore/blob/main/Global/VisualStudioCode.gitignore
+#   and can be added to the global gitignore or merged into this file. However, if you prefer, 
+#   you could uncomment the following to ignore the entire vscode folder
+# .vscode/
+# Temporary file for partial code execution
+tempCodeRunnerFile.py
+
+# Ruff stuff:
+.ruff_cache/
+
+# PyPI configuration file
+.pypirc
+
+# Marimo
+marimo/_static/
+marimo/_lsp/
+__marimo__/
+
+# Streamlit
+.streamlit/secrets.toml

LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
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+For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not
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+

README.md

@@ -1,3 +1,238 @@
----
-license: cc-by-nc-4.0
----
+---
+license: cc-by-nc-4.0
+pretty_name: MM-IssueLoc Bench
+language:
+- en
+task_categories:
+- text-retrieval
+- image-text-to-text
+- feature-extraction
+tags:
+- multimodal
+- code-localization
+- repository-level
+- software-engineering
+- github-issues
+- benchmark
+size_categories:
+- n<1K
+configs:
+- config_name: canonical
+  default: true
+  data_files:
+  - split: test
+    path: data/canonical.parquet
+- config_name: function_level
+  data_files:
+  - split: test
+    path: data/function_level.parquet
+---
+
+# MM-IssueLoc Bench
+
+> **MM-IssueLoc: When Do Screenshots Help Localize Code? Toward Multimodal Localization in Software Repositories**
+>
+> _Authors anonymized for double-blind review (NeurIPS 2026 Datasets and Benchmarks Track)._
+
+A repository-level, multimodal **issue → source-code localization** benchmark. Given a GitHub issue (title + body + screenshots / diagrams) and a target repository, the task is to retrieve the **file(s)** (and **function(s)**) that must be edited to resolve the issue. This is the first benchmark that pairs real multimodal issues with repository-scoped gold edits at two granularities.
+
+| # | Task | Input | Output | # Instances |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| 1 | File-level localization | Issue text + images + repository tree / contents | Ranked list of files to edit | 652 |
+| 2 | Function-level localization | Issue text + images + repository | Ranked list of `file:function` identifiers | 343 |
+
+---
+
+## Dataset at a glance
+
+- **652 canonical instances** (450 human-annotated + 202 AI-augmented).
+- **23 programming languages** — TypeScript 151, Python 126, JavaScript 120, C++ 45, Java 44, Go 33, C# 33, Rust 27, C 21, PHP 20, remainder < 15 each.
+- **7 image categories** — `ui_screenshot` 177, `behavior_demo` 99, `error_message` 92, `rendering_result` 85, `code_screenshot` 84, `log_output` 66, `data_visualization` 50.
+- **3 difficulty buckets** (by `changed_files`) — easy 214 (1 file), medium 263 (2–3 files), hard 176 (≥ 4 files).
+- **1050 issue screenshots embedded** in the canonical config (bytes, no external paths required).
+- **Two-granularity gold labels** — `edit_files` (file level, 652/652 non-empty) and `edit_functions` (function level, 343/343 in the `function_level` config).
+
+---
+
+## Repository
+
+Start at `examples/preview/` for a zero-install skim of what an instance looks like; use `examples/load_dataset.py` for the full Parquet-backed workflow, and `scripts/download_repos.py` once you need repository snapshots at `base_commit`.
+
+---
+
+## Configs
+
+Two configs are shipped as separate Parquet files; every config contains a single `test` split (this is a pure evaluation benchmark).
+
+### `canonical` — 652 rows
+
+The full benchmark. Every instance has non-empty `edit_files`, so this config serves both the **file-level evaluation** directly and is the superset from which `function_level` is derived.
+
+```python
+from datasets import load_dataset
+
+ds = load_dataset("<hub-id>/MM-IssueLoc-Bench", name="canonical", split="test")
+row = ds[0]
+row["images"][0]        # PIL.Image — first screenshot attached to the issue
+row["edit_files"]       # list[str] — gold-standard files to edit
+```
+
+### `function_level` — 343 rows
+
+Subset of `canonical` where `supports_function_level == True` **and** `edit_functions` is non-empty. Identifiers follow the `path/to/file.py:Class.method` / `path/to/file.py:top_level_fn` convention. Use this config for function-level metrics.
+
+```python
+ds = load_dataset("<hub-id>/MM-IssueLoc-Bench", name="function_level", split="test")
+row = ds[0]
+row["edit_functions"]   # list[str] — gold-standard functions to edit
+row["added_functions"]  # list[str] — functions created by the patch (exclude at eval time)
+```
+
+## Schema
+
+### `canonical` & `function_level`
+
+| Field | Type | Description |
+|---|---|---|
+| `instance_id` | `string` | Unique key, format `<owner>__<repo>__<issue_id>`. |
+| `annotation_by` | `string` | `"human"` or `"ai"`. |
+| `repo_full_name` | `string` | GitHub `owner/repo`. |
+| `repo_language` | `string` | Primary language reported by GitHub. |
+| `language` | `string` | Primary language of the actually edited files (lowercase). |
+| `language_category` | `string` | Coarse bucket: `frontend` / `backend` / `systems` / `data_science` / … |
+| `base_commit` | `string` | PR base commit SHA — checkout the repo here before evaluation. |
+| `issue_title` | `string` | Issue title. |
+| `issue_body` | `string` | Issue body in original markdown (images are referenced as markdown; see `images`). |
+| `images` | `Sequence[Image]` | Issue screenshots, decoded as `PIL.Image` when loaded with 🤗 `datasets`. |
+| `image_paths` | `Sequence[string]` | Original filenames (`issue_<issue_id>_<idx>.<ext>`), aligned with `images`. |
+| `image_alts` | `Sequence[string]` | Markdown `alt` text per image. |
+| `image_sources` | `Sequence[string]` | Per-image provenance tag (`body`, `comment`, …). |
+| `image_category` | `string` | One of the 7 image categories. |
+| `relevance_score` | `int32` | Annotator score for image–issue relevance. |
+| `difficulty` | `string` | `easy` / `medium` / `hard` — bucketed by `changed_files` (see below). |
+| `diff` | `string` | Full unified diff of the resolving PR. |
+| `diff_files` | `Sequence[string]` | Files touched by `diff`. |
+| `diff_status` | `string` | Diff-extraction status flag (e.g. `"ok"`). |
+| `edit_files` | `Sequence[string]` | **Gold standard** for file-level evaluation. |
+| `edit_functions` | `Sequence[string]` | **Gold standard** for function-level evaluation (may be empty in `canonical`). |
+| `added_functions` | `Sequence[string]` | Functions introduced by the patch — exclude at function-level eval time. |
+| `supports_function_level` | `bool` | Whether function-level evaluation is supported for this instance. |
+| `additions` | `int32` | Lines added in the diff. |
+| `deletions` | `int32` | Lines deleted in the diff. |
+| `changed_files` | `int32` | Number of files touched. |
+| `patch_count` | `int32` | Number of patches in the PR. |
+| `repo_stars` | `int32` | Star count at collection time. |
+| `repo_license` | `string` | Source repository license (SPDX-style where available). |
+
+### `vce_plus_cache` (preview only — see `examples/preview/vce_plus_preview.jsonl`)
+
+| Field | Type | Description |
+|---|---|---|
+| `instance_id` | `string` | Foreign key to `canonical.instance_id`. |
+| `category` | `string` | Image category (redundant with `canonical.image_category`). |
+| `records` | `List[Struct]` | One entry per screenshot; see below. |
+
+Per-record struct:
+
+| Field | Type | Description |
+|---|---|---|
+| `ocr_text` | `string` | OCR result. |
+| `error_signal` | `struct` | `{kind, type, message, stack_hint[]}` — extracted error semantics. |
+| `ui_elements` | `Sequence[string]` | Detected UI widgets. |
+| `user_action` | `string` | Inferred user intent / action. |
+| `code_hint` | `struct` | `{function_names[], file_patterns[], frameworks[]}` ,code-side hooks. |
+| `visual_saliency` | `string` | Free-text description of the salient region. |
+| `confidence` | `float32` | Extractor confidence ∈ [0, 1]. |
+| `notes` | `string` | Extractor-side remarks. |
+
+### `difficulty` bucketing
+
+Bucketed on `changed_files` of the resolving PR. Rule is 100 % consistent with the 402 human-labelled difficulty fields in the original annotation pass (audited); the remaining 251 AI-augmented rows were back-filled with the same rule.
+
+| Bucket | Rule | Count | Median `additions` | Median `deletions` |
+|---|---|---:|---:|---:|
+| `easy` | `changed_files == 1` | 214 | 6 | 2 |
+| `medium` | `changed_files ∈ {2, 3}` | 263 | 28 | 6 |
+| `hard` | `changed_files ≥ 4` | 176 | 59 | 16 |
+
+---
+
+## Evaluation protocol
+
+### Repository snapshot
+
+Every instance is evaluated against the repository state at its `base_commit`. The companion file `commit_cache.json` (at the root of this dataset) maps `instance_id → {repo, sha, dir_name}` and is consumed by the bundled download script.
+
+**Recommended — use the bundled downloader.** Handles rate-limit-aware concurrent fetching, atomic extraction, and resumable retries out of the box:
+
+```bash
+export GITHUB_TOKEN=ghp_xxx
+python3 scripts/download_repos.py
+python3 scripts/download_repos.py --workers 8  # faster with more parallelism
+python3 scripts/download_repos.py --retry-failed  # after an interruption
+```
+
+The script uses the GitHub REST tarball API (`GET /repos/{owner}/{repo}/tarball/{sha}`), so a **personal access token with the `public_repo` scope is strongly recommended** (generate at <https://github.com/settings/tokens>; no elevated permissions needed for public repositories). Without a token, you are throttled to 60 requests/hour, which makes the full 653-repo download take ~11 hours instead of ~10 minutes.
+
+On success you get:
+
+```
+repos/
+├── fbaligand__kibana-enhanced-table__569e9d9ee2fb/
+├── presscustomizr__hueman__0f3aeb3c5b2a/
+└── ... (653 total; naming = <owner>__<repo>__<sha12>, no .git)
+```
+
+Failed downloads (archived / deleted / moved repos) are logged to `download_failures.json` for targeted re-runs.
+
+Repository tarballs are **not** shipped here (they total several GB and individual repos have heterogeneous licenses); users fetch them from GitHub on demand using the script or the cache above.
+
+### Metrics
+
+File-level and function-level evaluation are tracked independently using the same family of ranking metrics at `K ∈ {1, 3, 5, 10}
+
+- **Acc@K** — set-based hit rates.
+- Other metrics avaliable:
+  - **MRR** — Mean Reciprocal Rank of the first hit.
+  - **Recall@K**, **Hit@K** — set-based hit rates.
+  - **MAP@K**, **NDCG@K** — order-sensitive metrics.
+
+
+Recommended normalisation at scoring time:
+
+1. Path normalisation — strip `./`, collapse separators, lowercase drive letters on Windows.
+2. Function ID matching — accept `file:func` ≡ `file:Class.func` (relaxed class-qualifier match).
+
+## Intended use & limitations
+
+**Intended uses.**
+
+- Benchmarking repository-level issue localization models, with or without multimodal inputs.
+- Ablating the contribution of screenshots vs. text to localization accuracy.
+- Studying how different image categories (UI screenshots vs. error messages vs. log output) help or hurt retrieval.
+
+**Out-of-scope uses.**
+
+- Patch generation / code repair — this dataset ships gold edits but is evaluated on localization, not synthesis. The `diff` field is provided for offline analysis but is not a supervised target.
+- Training large-scale multimodal models end-to-end — the instance count (652) is deliberately sized for evaluation, not pre-training.
+- **Commercial use**
+
+**Known limitations.**
+
+- Language skew towards web-ecosystem repos (TypeScript / Python / JavaScript together cover ~60 %).
+- Repositories are real open-source projects; code licensing varies per row (`repo_license`).
+
+## Ethics & privacy
+
+All issues are drawn from public GitHub repositories. Screenshots occasionally contain user-visible strings from demo data (e.g., placeholder usernames, example URLs). We reviewed the top-frequency tokens in image OCR output and found no personally identifying information beyond public GitHub author handles already visible in `instance_id` / `repo_full_name`. No private data, no scraped user content outside the public issue tracker, no model-generated synthetic faces or identifiers.
+
+---
+
+## Citation
+
+```bibtex
+@misc{mmissueloc2026,
+  title        = {MM-IssueLoc: When Do Screenshots Help Localize Code? Toward Multimodal Localization in Software Repositories},
+  }
+}
+```

data/canonical.parquet

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:d59ad7730bd674c7b49d244c3f51dcda7e42f925f2f62ee032e332426405ce1b
+size 170387255

data/function_level.parquet

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:d9e53d555b53ecd54f01d137c63b01d2a30914876011cbf0f3212f136dee237a
+size 93391812

examples/load_dataset.py

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+"""
+The dataset ships two Parquet configs under `data/`:
+
+    canonical.parquet        652 rows — full benchmark; drives file-level eval
+    function_level.parquet   343 rows — subset where edit_functions is non-empty
+
+This script walks through both evaluation granularities (file-level and
+function-level), decodes an image, reads a 20-row VCE+ preview from
+`examples/preview/vce_plus_preview.jsonl`, and shows how to materialize
+the underlying GitHub repository snapshot required at scoring time.
+
+Run:
+    python3 examples/load_dataset.py
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from datasets import Dataset
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+DATA = ROOT / "data"
+
+ds = Dataset.from_parquet(str(DATA / "canonical.parquet"))
+ds_fn = Dataset.from_parquet(str(DATA / "function_level.parquet"))
+
+print(f"canonical:      {len(ds):4d} rows   (file-level eval — all edit_files non-empty)")
+print(f"function_level: {len(ds_fn):4d} rows   (function-level eval — strict subset)")
+
+
+# ===========================================================================
+# 1. File-level evaluation
+# ===========================================================================
+# Input : issue_title + issue_body + images + (repo snapshot at base_commit)
+# Output: ranked list of files to edit
+# Gold  : row["edit_files"]  — always non-empty in the canonical config.
+# ===========================================================================
+
+row = ds[0]
+print(f"\n── file-level example ──────────────────────────────────────────────")
+print(f"  instance_id  : {row['instance_id']}")
+print(f"  repo @ commit: {row['repo_full_name']} @ {row['base_commit'][:12]}")
+print(f"  language     : {row['language']} ({row['language_category']})")
+print(f"  difficulty   : {row['difficulty']}  (changed_files={row['changed_files']})")
+print(f"  # images     : {len(row['images'])}")
+print(f"  gold files   : {row['edit_files']}")
+print(f"  (your model must rank {row['edit_files'][0]!r} near the top)")
+
+# Decode the first screenshot — HF Image feature returns PIL.Image automatically.
+img = row["images"][0]
+print(f"  image[0]     : {img.size} px, mode={img.mode}, caption={row['image_alts'][0]!r}")
+# img.save("first_issue_screenshot.png")  # persist for visual inspection
+
+
+# ===========================================================================
+# 2. Function-level evaluation
+# ===========================================================================
+# Input : same as file-level
+# Output: ranked list of `path/to/file:function` identifiers
+# Gold  : row["edit_functions"] (always non-empty in the function_level config)
+# Caveat: exclude row["added_functions"] when scoring — those functions do
+#         not exist at base_commit, so they cannot be retrieved from the
+#         repository tree.
+# ===========================================================================
+
+fn_row = ds_fn[0]
+print(f"\n── function-level example ──────────────────────────────────────────")
+print(f"  instance_id    : {fn_row['instance_id']}")
+print(f"  edit_functions : {fn_row['edit_functions']}")
+print(f"  added_functions: {fn_row['added_functions']}  ← exclude from scoring")
+print(f"  supports_function_level: {fn_row['supports_function_level']}")
+
+# Pick any instance that is ONLY file-level (no function annotation) to
+# illustrate the filter that separates the two configs.
+file_only = next(r for r in ds if not r["supports_function_level"] or not r["edit_functions"])
+print(f"\n  (a file-level-only instance in canonical but NOT in function_level)")
+print(f"  instance_id                   : {file_only['instance_id']}")
+print(f"  supports_function_level       : {file_only['supports_function_level']}")
+print(f"  edit_functions (empty here!)  : {file_only['edit_functions']}")
+
+
+# ===========================================================================
+# 3. VCE+ preview (illustrative; not a shipped config)
+# ===========================================================================
+# VCE+ is a 7-dimensional structured extraction per screenshot (OCR, error
+# signal, UI elements, user action, code hints, visual saliency, confidence)
+# produced by a multimodal LLM. The FULL cache is a rerunnable byproduct and
+# is NOT shipped in data/. A 20-row preview aligned by instance_id with
+# examples/preview/preview.jsonl ships at examples/preview/vce_plus_preview.jsonl
+# so the schema stays discoverable without running the extractor.
+# ===========================================================================
+
+vce_preview_path = ROOT / "examples" / "preview" / "vce_plus_preview.jsonl"
+vce_rows = [json.loads(l) for l in vce_preview_path.open()]
+print(f"\n── VCE+ preview (20 records) ──────────────────────────────────────")
+print(f"  path: {vce_preview_path.relative_to(ROOT)}  ({len(vce_rows)} rows)")
+vce_row = vce_rows[0]
+print(f"  sample instance_id: {vce_row['instance_id']}  (category={vce_row['category']})")
+for i, rec in enumerate(vce_row["records"]):
+    err = rec["error_signal"] or {}
+    ch = rec["code_hint"] or {}
+    print(
+        f"  record[{i}]: conf={rec.get('confidence', 0.0):.2f}  "
+        f"error={err.get('kind', '')}/{err.get('type', '')!r}  "
+        f"ui_elements={(rec.get('ui_elements') or [])[:3]}  "
+        f"frameworks={ch.get('frameworks', [])}"
+    )
+
+
+# ===========================================================================
+# 4. Repository snapshots
+# ===========================================================================
+# Scoring requires the repository tree at each row's base_commit. Repos are
+# not embedded in the Parquet (they would total several GB and carry
+# heterogeneous upstream licenses). Use commit_cache.json + the bundled
+# script to fetch them:
+#
+#     export GITHUB_TOKEN=ghp_xxx
+#     python3 scripts/download_repos.py         # fetch all 653 repos
+#     python3 scripts/download_repos.py --only 5  # dry-run slice
+# ===========================================================================
+
+cache = json.loads((ROOT / "commit_cache.json").read_text())
+entry = cache[row["instance_id"]]
+print(f"\n── repo snapshot for the file-level example ─────────────────────────")
+print(f"  expected directory: repos/{entry['dir_name']}/")
+print(f"  equivalent to     :")
+print(f"    git clone https://github.com/{entry['repo']} {entry['dir_name']}")
+print(f"    git -C {entry['dir_name']} checkout {entry['sha']}")
+print(f"  (or run: python3 scripts/download_repos.py  — see scripts/download_repos.py)")

examples/preview/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# Preview samples
+
+**Quick human-readable look at the dataset in its original schema.**
+
+> Parquet under `data/` is the canonical format for benchmarking and Hugging Face loading. This folder exists purely so reviewers and other researchers can skim a handful of real rows without writing any code or installing  `datasets`.
+
+## Contents
+
+| File | Count | Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| `preview.jsonl` | **20** rows | Stratified sample from `data/canonical.parquet`, in the source-native JSON-per-line schema. Fields are identical to those documented in the root `README.md`. |
+| `vce_plus_preview.jsonl` | **20** rows | VCE+ 7-dimensional structured visual-evidence extractions **aligned by `instance_id`** to `preview.jsonl`, illustrating the auxiliary schema used by text-only baselines. |
+| `images/` | 31 files | Every image referenced by `preview.jsonl.images[*].local_path`. Filenames follow `issue_<issue_id>_<idx>.{png,jpg,...}`. |
+
+## Quick inspection
+
+```bash
+# Pretty-print the first canonical row
+head -1 preview.jsonl | python3 -m json.tool
+
+# All gold files across the 20 samples
+python3 -c "import json; [print(r['instance_id'], '→', r['edit_files']) \
+            for r in map(json.loads, open('preview.jsonl'))]"
+
+# VCE+ extraction for the same instance — side-by-side schema comparison
+python3 - <<'PY'
+import json
+canon = {json.loads(l)["instance_id"]: json.loads(l) for l in open("preview.jsonl")}
+vce   = {json.loads(l)["instance_id"]: json.loads(l) for l in open("vce_plus_preview.jsonl")}
+iid = next(iter(canon))
+print("instance:", iid)
+print("  issue title   :", canon[iid]["issue_title"])
+print("  image category:", canon[iid]["image_category"])
+print("  VCE+ record[0]:", json.dumps(vce[iid]["records"][0], indent=2, ensure_ascii=False))
+PY
+
+# Open the image for the first sample
+python3 -c "import json; r=json.loads(open('preview.jsonl').readline()); \
+            print('first image:', r['images'][0]['local_path'])"
+```
+
+## Full dataset
+
+To work with all 652 instances, all 1050 images (embedded as bytes), and both evaluation granularities, use the Parquet configs from the root:
+
+```python
+from datasets import load_dataset
+ds = load_dataset("<hub-id>/MM-IssueLoc-Bench", name="canonical", split="test")
+```
+
+See the root `README.md` and `examples/load_dataset.py` for full workflows.
+

examples/preview/vce_plus_preview.jsonl

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{"instance_id": "Anarios__return-youtube-dislike__1404291208", "category": "ui_screenshot", "records": [{"ocr_text": "Creator Music\nYouTube Creators\n5.13M subscribers\nSubscribed\n5.7K\n710\nShare\nClip\nSave\n49K views 15 hours ago\nCreator Music helps you find and use mainstream music in your videos while still being able to monetize.\nComments 1.5K\nMight be the best feature added in years!\n1,502 Comments\nSort by\n...more", "error_signal": null, "ui_elements": ["Subscribed button", "Like button (5.7K)", "Dislike button (710)", "Share button", "Clip button", "Save button", "More options (...)", "Sort by dropdown", "Comments section", "Notification bell icon"], "user_action": "User is viewing a YouTube video page showing the updated UI layout", "code_hint": {"function_names": [], "file_patterns": [], "frameworks": ["YouTube", "Return YouTube Dislike"]}, "visual_saliency": "The like/dislike bar with green and red segments under the buttons, showing the new YouTube UI layout", "confidence": 0.9, "notes": "YouTube UI change broke extension layout"}]}
+{"instance_id": "AnnoDesigner__anno-designer__713712983", "category": "data_visualization", "records": [{"ocr_text": null, "error_signal": {"kind": "logic_error", "type": "incorrect_radius_calculation", "message": "Influence radius of Base of Operations (3x3, 18 Range) is 4 tiles too large in the program", "stack_hint": []}, "ui_elements": ["grid overlay", "circle radius visualization", "building icons row"], "user_action": "Comparing the influence radius of Base of Operations building between the program and the actual game", "code_hint": {"function_names": [], "file_patterns": [], "frameworks": []}, "visual_saliency": "Row of highlighted building icons (houses) placed along the bottom of a large circle on a grid, demonstrating the oversized influence radius", "confidence": 0.78, "notes": "Influence radius circle is 4 tiles too large for Anno 1404 building"}]}
+{"instance_id": "DevToys-app__DevToys__2354946530", "category": "behavior_demo", "records": [{"ocr_text": "DevToys\nPNG Compressor\nAdd to favorites\nConfiguration\nCompression mode\nLossless maintains the quality of the original image, while lossy compresses more but may alter some colors\nLossy (prefer size)\nDrag & drop any PNG files here\nor\nBrowse files / Browse folders / Paste\nSave all\nDelete all\ntmpzeeix1.png\n116.58 KB\n55 %\n52.26 KB\n(lossy)\ntmpf5r4wd.png\n235.24 KB\n61 %\n89.66 KB\n(lossy)\nSettings\nPersonalization > Colors\nCustom colors\nView colors\nShow accent color on Start and taskbar\nOff\nShow accent color on title bars and windows borders\nOn\nRelated settings\nContrast themes\nColor themes for low vision, light sensitivity\nRelated support\nHelp with Colors", "error_signal": null, "ui_elements": ["title bar", "accent color toggle", "Show accent color on title bars and windows borders toggle", "Windows Settings Colors panel", "DevToys window title bar"], "user_action": "User enabled 'Show accent color on title bars and windows borders' in Windows Settings, revealing a misaligned/incorrect title bar color on the DevToys app window.", "code_hint": null, "visual_saliency": "The DevToys window title bar shows a teal/green accent color that appears misaligned or incorrectly applied, alongside the Windows Settings showing the accent color on title bars is enabled with a dark teal color selected.", "confidence": 0.85, "notes": "Title bar accent color misaligned in DevToys on Windows 11"}]}
+{"instance_id": "KhronosGroup__glTF-Sample-Viewer__1686961597", "category": "rendering_result", "records": [{"ocr_text": "Advanced Controls\nDebug Channels\nGeometry Tangent\nGeometry Bitangent\nDebug mode: Tangents\nDebug mode: Bitangents\nSplit position: -1.000\nOutput factor: 1.000\nIridescenceAbalone\nMETALLIC WORKFLOW\nCLEAR COAT\nIRIDESCENCE\nANISOTROPIC\nSHEEN\nSUBSURFACE\nNORMAL MAP\nDEBUG", "error_signal": null, "ui_elements": ["Debug Channels dropdown (Geometry Tangent/Bitangent)", "Debug mode selector (Tangents/Bitangents)", "glTF Sample Viewer", "Babylon.js Sandbox Inspector", "Scene Explorer", "Split position slider", "Output factor slider"], "user_action": "Comparing tangent and bitangent debug visualizations between glTF Sample Viewer and Babylon.js Sandbox for IridescenceAbalone model", "code_hint": {"function_names": ["MikkTSpace"], "file_patterns": null, "frameworks": ["Babylon.js", "glTF Sample Viewer"]}, "visual_saliency": "Left panels show glTF Sample Viewer with noisy/fragmented tangent and bitangent debug colors on abalone shell; right panels show Babylon.js with smooth green tangent and rainbow bitangent visualizations, highlighting quality difference in tangent generation", "confidence": 0.92, "notes": "Tangent quality comparison: shader derivatives vs MikkTSpace generation"}, {"ocr_text": "glTF Sample Viewer\ngithub.khronos.org/glTF-Sample-Viewer-Release/\nModels\nDamagedHelmet\nFlavor\nglTF\nScenes\nScene\nCameras\nUser Camera\nDisplay\nAnimation\nCredits\nAdvanced Controls", "error_signal": {"kind": "rendering_artifact", "type": "incorrect_tangents", "message": "DamagedHelmet model renders with broken/colorful triangulated appearance due to missing or incorrect tangent generation", "stack_hint": ["MikkTSpace", "shader derivative tangents", "anisotropy"]}, "ui_elements": ["Models dropdown (DamagedHelmet)", "Flavor dropdown (glTF)", "Scenes dropdown (Scene)", "Cameras dropdown (User Camera)", "Display tab", "Animation tab", "Credits tab", "Advanced Controls tab"], "user_action": "Loaded DamagedHelmet glTF model in the glTF Sample Viewer to demonstrate tangent generation quality issues", "code_hint": {"function_names": ["generateTangents", "MikkTSpace"], "file_patterns": ["*.glTF", "*.gltf"], "frameworks": ["glTF Sample Viewer", "Khronos glTF", "MikkTSpace"]}, "visual_saliency": "DamagedHelmet model rendered with multicolored triangulated/faceted appearance instead of smooth PBR shading, indicating broken tangent space calculations", "confidence": 0.92, "notes": "Helmet renders with broken colorful triangles due to shader-derivative tangent issues."}, {"ocr_text": "glTF Sample Viewer\ngithub.khronos.org/glTF-Sample-Viewer-Release/\nModels\nClearCoatTest\nFlavor\ngITF\nScenes\nScene\nCameras\nUser Camera\nDisplay\nAnimation\nCredits\nAdvanced Controls", "error_signal": {"kind": "rendering_artifact", "type": "tangent_generation_quality", "message": "Incorrect tangents calculated via shader derivatives cause visual artifacts in ClearCoatTest model", "stack_hint": ["MikkTSpace", "tangent generation", "shader derivatives"]}, "ui_elements": ["Models dropdown (ClearCoatTest)", "Flavor dropdown (gITF)", "Scenes dropdown (Scene)", "Cameras dropdown (User Camera)", "Display tab", "Animation tab", "Credits tab", "Advanced Controls tab"], "user_action": "Viewing ClearCoatTest model in glTF Sample Viewer to demonstrate tangent generation quality issues", "code_hint": {"function_names": ["generateTangents", "MikkTSpace"], "file_patterns": ["*.glsl", "*.gltf"], "frameworks": ["glTF", "WebGL", "glTF-Sample-Viewer"]}, "visual_saliency": "Grid of rendered tiles showing noisy/distorted colorful patterns on capsule-shaped objects and triangular shapes, indicating incorrect tangent-space calculations causing visual artifacts", "confidence": 0.82, "notes": "ClearCoatTest shows tangent artifacts from shader derivative approach"}]}
+{"instance_id": "OpenEnergyPlatform__ontology__2307825533", "category": "log_output", "records": [{"ocr_text": "Annotations\n5 warnings\n\nbuild\nNode.js 16 actions are deprecated. Please update the following actions to use Node.js 20: actions/checkout@v2, actions/setup-java@v2. For more information see: https://github.blog/changelog/2023-09-22-github-a...\nShow more\n\nbuild\nThe following actions uses node12 which is deprecated and will be forced to run on node16: actions/checkout@v2, actions/setup-java@v2. For more info: https://github.blog/changelog/2023-06-13-github-actions-all...\nShow more\n\nDeprecation notice: v1, v2, and v3 of the artifact actions\nThe following artifacts were uploaded using a version of actions/upload-artifact that is scheduled for deprecation: \"build-files\", \"test-report\". Please update your workflow to use v4 of the artifact actions. ...\nShow more\n\ntest\nNode.js 16 actions are deprecated. Please update the following actions to use Node.js 20: actions/checkout@v2, actions/setup-python@v4, actions/setup-java@v2, actions/upload-artifact@3, schneegans/dynamic-bad...\nShow more\n\ntest\nThe following actions uses node12 which is deprecated and will be forced to run on node16: actions/checkout@v2, actions/setup-java@v2, schneegans/dynamic-badges-action@v1.0.0. For more info: https://github.blo...\nShow more", "error_signal": {"kind": "warning", "type": "deprecation", "message": "Node.js 16 actions are deprecated and node12 actions will be forced to run on node16; artifact actions v1-v3 scheduled for deprecation", "stack_hint": []}, "ui_elements": ["Annotations section", "5 warnings indicator", "Show more links", "warning triangle icons"], "user_action": "Reviewing GitHub Actions workflow annotations showing deprecation warnings in build and test jobs", "code_hint": {"function_names": [], "file_patterns": ["actions/checkout@v2", "actions/setup-java@v2", "actions/setup-python@v4", "actions/upload-artifact@3", "schneegans/dynamic-badges-action@v1.0.0"], "frameworks": ["GitHub Actions", "Node.js"]}, "visual_saliency": "Yellow warning triangles next to each annotation entry with deprecation messages on dark background", "confidence": 0.95, "notes": "5 deprecation warnings in GitHub Actions CI build and test jobs"}]}
+{"instance_id": "SDClowen__RSBot__1446535193", "category": "behavior_demo", "records": [{"ocr_text": "Hunter Association\nTrader/Hunter Area\nBlacksmith\nStable\nDimensional Gate\nGrocery Shop\nStorage\nDrug Store\nSerapeum", "error_signal": null, "ui_elements": ["Blacksmith", "Stable", "Dimensional Gate", "Grocery Shop", "Storage", "Drug Store", "Hunter Association", "Serapeum"], "user_action": "Character loops in South Alexandria town area when low durability item triggers back-to-town behavior", "code_hint": null, "visual_saliency": "South Alexandria town map showing NPC locations and navigation points in the Trader/Hunter Area", "confidence": 0.72, "notes": "Town loop bug in South Alexandria with low durability trigger"}]}
+{"instance_id": "ShrimpCryptid__Secret-Hitler-Online__1089563270", "category": "ui_screenshot", "records": [{"ocr_text": "POLICY ENACTED\nLIBERAL\nARTICLE\nOKAY", "error_signal": null, "ui_elements": ["Policy Enacted dialogue", "Liberal policy card", "OKAY button", "open folder/book graphic"], "user_action": "User reconnected during post-legislative stage and sees incorrect Liberal policy card", "code_hint": null, "visual_saliency": "Liberal policy card displayed in the Policy Enacted dialogue", "confidence": 0.92, "notes": "Reconnecting users always shown Liberal card regardless of actual policy enacted"}]}
+{"instance_id": "babel__babel-polyfills__2196559031", "category": "log_output", "records": [{"ocr_text": "[21:47:01] Module not found: Error: Can't resolve '@babel/runtime-corejs3/core-js/promise/all-settled'", "error_signal": {"kind": "module_resolution", "type": "Module not found", "message": "Can't resolve '@babel/runtime-corejs3/core-js/promise/all-settled'", "stack_hint": []}, "ui_elements": null, "user_action": "Building project with webpack/babel-loader after upgrading Babel to 7.24.1", "code_hint": {"function_names": ["Promise.allSettled"], "file_patterns": ["@babel/runtime-corejs3/core-js/promise/all-settled"], "frameworks": ["babel", "webpack", "core-js"]}, "visual_saliency": "Single error log line displayed in white text on dark background", "confidence": 0.95, "notes": "Babel 7.24.1 upgrade breaks Promise.allSettled corejs3 resolution"}]}
+{"instance_id": "filllabs__dependi__2432031126", "category": "rendering_result", "records": [{"ocr_text": "[dependencies]\nuuid = \"1.4\" ✅\nThe version requirem...\nVersions (View crate\n• 1.10.0 (docs)\n• 1.9.1\n• 1.9.0", "error_signal": {"kind": "logic_bug", "type": "false_negative", "message": "Green checkmark shown for outdated dependency uuid 1.4 when latest is 1.10.0", "stack_hint": []}, "ui_elements": ["green checkmark icon", "version tooltip/popup", "versions list dropdown", "View crate link", "dependency inline annotation"], "user_action": "User specifies uuid = \"1.4\" in Cargo.toml and expects an outdated version alert but sees green checkmark instead.", "code_hint": {"function_names": [], "file_patterns": ["Cargo.toml"], "frameworks": ["Rust", "crates.io"]}, "visual_saliency": "Red arrows pointing to the version string \"1.4\", the green checkmark, and the tooltip showing latest version 1.10.0, highlighting the mismatch between outdated version and positive indicator.", "confidence": 0.95, "notes": "Green check incorrectly shown for outdated minor version 1.4 vs 1.10.0."}]}
+{"instance_id": "heroui-inc__tailwind-variants__1744195027", "category": "code_screenshot", "records": [{"ocr_text": "dots: boolean\n}\n\n(parameter) size: any\n\nconst Circle: FC<CircleType> = ({ size, contrast, className, dots, ...props }) => {\n  return dots ? {", "error_signal": {"kind": "type_issue", "type": "any", "message": "VariantProps are of type `any` instead of proper types", "stack_hint": []}, "ui_elements": ["tooltip showing parameter type", "code editor"], "user_action": "Hovering over 'size' parameter to inspect its type, which shows 'any'", "code_hint": {"function_names": ["Circle"], "file_patterns": [], "frameworks": ["tailwind-variants", "React"]}, "visual_saliency": "Tooltip showing '(parameter) size: any' highlighted above the destructured parameter", "confidence": 0.92, "notes": "VariantProps resolving to any instead of specific types"}, {"ocr_text": "type CircleType = {\n  [x: string]: any;\n  [x: number]: any;\n  [x: symbol]: any;\n}", "error_signal": {"kind": "type_issue", "type": "any", "message": "VariantProps are resolved to type `any` instead of specific variant types", "stack_hint": []}, "ui_elements": ["code editor", "TypeScript type definition tooltip"], "user_action": "Inspecting the inferred type of CircleType which shows all variant props as `any`", "code_hint": {"function_names": ["CircleType"], "file_patterns": [], "frameworks": ["tailwind-variants"]}, "visual_saliency": "The type definition showing all index signatures resolving to `any` type", "confidence": 0.92, "notes": "VariantProps incorrectly typed as any with index signatures"}]}
+{"instance_id": "heroui-inc__tailwind-variants__1747755915", "category": "error_message", "records": [{"ocr_text": "export const tv: TV = (options, config) => {\n  return tvBase(options, {\n    ...config,\n    twMerge: true,\n    twMergeConfig: {},\n  })\n};\n型 '{}' には 型 'Config' からの次のプロパティがありません: cacheSize, theme, classGroups, conflictingClassGroups ts(2739)\n⚠ Error(TS2739)\n型 {} には 型 Config からの次のプロパティがありません: cacheSize, theme, classGroups, conflictingClassGroups\n(property) twMergeConfig?: Config | undefined\nThe config object for tailwind-merge library.\n@see — https://github.com/dcastil/tailwind-merge/blob/v1.8.1/docs/configuration.md", "error_signal": {"kind": "assertion", "type": "TS2739", "message": "Type '{}' is missing the following properties from type 'Config': cacheSize, theme, classGroups, conflictingClassGroups", "stack_hint": []}, "ui_elements": ["code editor", "TypeScript error tooltip", "error squiggly underline"], "user_action": "Assigning empty object {} to twMergeConfig which expects full Config type", "code_hint": {"function_names": ["tv", "tvBase"], "file_patterns": [], "frameworks": ["tailwind-variants", "tailwind-merge"]}, "visual_saliency": "Red squiggly underline on twMergeConfig: {} and the error tooltip popup", "confidence": 0.95, "notes": "twMergeConfig requires full Config type, not Partial<Config>"}]}
+{"instance_id": "lancaster-university__codal-microbit-v2__1046002728", "category": "data_visualization", "records": [{"ocr_text": "WaveForms (new workspace) Logic 1 Mode: Repeated Trigger: Normal Simple Pulse Protocol Buffer: 10 Source: Digital Inputs: 100MHz x16 DIO 0..15 Position: 0 s Base: 20 ms/div Done 4096 samples at 20 kHz | 2021-11-05 15:47:31.876 DIO 4 DIO 5 X1: -62.7622 ms X2: 24.3 ms ΔX: 87.06 ms 1/ΔX: 11.4859438 Hz Manual Trigger Discovery2 SN:210321AD132A USB Status: LV", "error_signal": {"kind": "timing_mismatch", "type": "delay_inconsistency", "message": "uBit.sleep() and target_wait_us() delays do not match expected timing", "stack_hint": ["uBit.sleep()", "target_wait_us()"]}, "ui_elements": ["Logic analyzer waveform view", "DIO 4 channel", "DIO 5 channel", "X1/X2 cursor markers", "Delta X measurement"], "user_action": "Measuring timing difference between DIO 4 and DIO 5 digital signals using logic analyzer cursors", "code_hint": {"function_names": ["uBit.sleep()", "target_wait_us()"], "file_patterns": null, "frameworks": ["Digilent WaveForms", "micro:bit CODAL"]}, "visual_saliency": "Red cursor lines spanning DIO 4 and DIO 5 waveforms showing ΔX: 87.06 ms timing measurement; DIO 5 highlighted in blue with irregular pulse widths indicating timing inconsistency", "confidence": 0.88, "notes": "Logic analyzer shows sleep/wait timing mismatch on micro:bit digital outputs"}, {"ocr_text": "WaveForms (new workspace) Logic 1 Mode: Repeated Trigger: Normal Simple Pulse Protocol Position: 0 s Buffer: 10 Source: Digital Inputs: 100MHz x16 DIO 0..15 Base: 5 ms/div DIO 4 DIO 4 X DIO 5 DIO 5 X Done 4096 samples at 80 kHz | 2021-11-05 15:22:03.498 X1: -19.8232 ms X2: 17.76 ms ΔX: 37.58 ms 1/ΔX: 26.6069429 Hz -25 ms -20 ms -15 ms -10 ms -5 ms 0 ms 5 ms 10 ms 15 ms 20 ms 25 ms Manual Trigger Discovery2 SN:210321AD132A USB Status: LV", "error_signal": null, "ui_elements": ["Logic analyzer waveform view", "DIO 4 channel", "DIO 5 channel", "Cursor measurements X1/X2/ΔX", "Time base 5 ms/div"], "user_action": "Measuring timing discrepancy between uBit.sleep() and target_wait_us() using logic analyzer on DIO 4 and DIO 5", "code_hint": {"function_names": ["uBit.sleep()", "target_wait_us()"], "file_patterns": null, "frameworks": ["WaveForms", "micro:bit CODAL"]}, "visual_saliency": "DIO 4 and DIO 5 digital waveforms show mismatched pulse widths/timing; red cursors highlight ΔX of 37.58 ms between transitions, indicating delays do not match expected values", "confidence": 0.88, "notes": "Logic analyzer shows uBit.sleep and target_wait_us timing mismatch on digital pins"}]}
+{"instance_id": "nicolomantini__LinkedIn-Easy-Apply-Bot__2198685509", "category": "data_visualization", "records": [{"ocr_text": "qa.csv\nOpen with Microsoft Excel\nQuestions\n0\nAnswers", "error_signal": {"kind": "data_loss", "type": "EmptyData", "message": "CSV file contains only headers 'Questions' and 'Answers' with no actual data rows", "stack_hint": []}, "ui_elements": ["qa.csv file preview", "Open with Microsoft Excel button", "CSV table with headers"], "user_action": "User opened qa.csv to verify saved Q&A data but found it empty", "code_hint": {"function_names": [], "file_patterns": ["qa.csv"], "frameworks": []}, "visual_saliency": "Table showing only column headers 'Questions' and 'Answers' with row index 0 but no actual content, indicating data was not saved", "confidence": 0.85, "notes": "CSV file is empty; quiz Q&A data not persisted."}]}
+{"instance_id": "privatenumber__snap-tweet__1139055572", "category": "ui_screenshot", "records": [{"ocr_text": "jack⚡️ @jack just setting up my twttr 5:50 PM · Mar 21, 2006 Read 10.1K replies", "error_signal": null, "ui_elements": ["tweet card", "username", "verified badge", "timestamp", "Read 10.1K replies button", "Twitter bird icon"], "user_action": "Generated a screenshot/snap of a tweet but it shows 'Read 10.1K replies' instead of engagement metrics", "code_hint": null, "visual_saliency": "The 'Read 10.1K replies' button at the bottom replacing expected reply, retweet, and like counts", "confidence": 0.92, "notes": "Tweet snapshot missing engagement metrics, shows reply link instead"}]}
+{"instance_id": "qarmin__czkawka__1939776450", "category": "behavior_demo", "records": [{"ocr_text": "Czkawka (Hiccup)\nIncluded Directories\tExcluded Directories\tItems Configuration\nAdd\tFolders to Search\tReference Folders\n/Users/alexhunsley/Documents/dev/test_czkawka/test_data_for_ticket_with_images/ref_dir\t☑\n/Users/alexhunsley/Documents/dev/test_czkawka/test_data_for_ticket_with_images/other_dir\t☐\t☑ Recursive\nRemove\nManual Add\nCheck method\tHash\tHash type\tBlake3\nDuplicate Files\tSize\tFile Name\tPath\tModification Date\n☐\t253.50 KiB\ttwo.JPG\t/Users/alexhunsley/Documents/dev/test_czkawka/test_data_for_ticket_with_images/ref_dir\t2001-05-01 23:49:00\n☑\t253.50 KiB\ttwo.JPG\t/Users/alexhunsley/Documents/dev/test_czkawka/test_data_for_ticket_with_images/other_dir\t2001-05-01 23:49:00\n☐\t253.50 KiB\tone.JPG\t/Users/alexhunsley/Documents/dev/test_czkawka/test_data_for_ticket_with_images/ref_dir\t2001-04-28 21:26:26\n☑\t253.50 KiB\tone.JPG\t/Users/alexhunsley/Documents/dev/test_czkawka/test_data_for_ticket_with_images/other_dir\t2001-04-28 21:26:26\nEmpty Directories\nBig Files", "error_signal": null, "ui_elements": ["Included Directories tab", "Folders to Search list", "Reference Folders checkbox", "Recursive checkbox", "Check method dropdown (Hash)", "Hash type dropdown (Blake3)", "Duplicate Files results table", "Empty Directories tab", "Big Files tab", "Add button", "Remove button", "Manual Add button"], "user_action": "User configured ref_dir as reference folder and other_dir as search folder, ran duplicate hash search with Blake3, showing duplicate pairs with other_dir copies selected.", "code_hint": null, "visual_saliency": "The ref_dir row is highlighted in blue in the Folders to Search list; in the results table, the other_dir duplicate entries are highlighted with blue selection and checked checkboxes, while ref_dir entries are unchecked.", "confidence": 0.88, "notes": "Duplicate search results with reference folder; re-searching changes displayed data confusingly."}, {"ocr_text": "Czkawka (Hiccup)\nIncluded Directories\nExcluded Directories\nItems Configuration\nAdd\nRemove\nManual Add\nFolders to Search\nReference Folders\n/Users/alexhunsley/Documents/dev/test_czkawka/test_data_for_ticket_with_images/ref_dir\n/Users/alexhunsley/Documents/dev/test_czkawka/test_data_for_ticket_with_images/other_dir\nRecursive\nCheck method Hash\nHash type Blake3\nDuplicate Files\nEmpty Directories\nBig Files\nSize\nFile Name\nPath\nModification Date\n253.50 KiB two.JPG /Users/alexhunsley/Documents/dev/test_czkawka/test_data_for_ticket_with_images/ref_dir 2001-05-01 23:49:00\n253.50 KiB one.JPG /Users/alexhunsley/Documents/dev/test_czkawka/test_data_for_ticket_with_images/other_dir 2001-04-28 21:26:26\n253.50 KiB two.JPG /Users/alexhunsley/Documents/dev/test_czkawka/test_data_for_ticket_with_images/other_dir 2001-05-01 23:49:00", "error_signal": null, "ui_elements": ["Included Directories tab", "Folders to Search list", "Reference Folders checkboxes", "Recursive checkbox", "Check method dropdown (Hash)", "Hash type dropdown (Blake3)", "Duplicate Files tab", "results table with checkboxes", "Add button", "Remove button", "Manual Add button"], "user_action": "User searched for duplicate files using Hash/Blake3 with a reference directory and an other directory, showing confusing results on re-search with caching.", "code_hint": null, "visual_saliency": "The ref_dir row is highlighted in blue in Folders to Search; in results, two files (one.JPG and two.JPG from other_dir) are checked with blue checkboxes while two.JPG from ref_dir is unchecked.", "confidence": 0.9, "notes": "Duplicate search results change confusingly on re-search with caching enabled."}]}
+{"instance_id": "sfepy__sfepy__2350500234", "category": "error_message", "records": [{"ocr_text": "Uncaught ReferenceError: jQuery is not defined\n<anonymous> https://sfepy.org/doc-devel/search.html?q=neumann&check_keywords=yes&area=default#:165\n[En savoir plus]\nUncaught ReferenceError: jQuery is not defined\n<anonymous> https://sfepy.org/doc-devel/search.html?q=neumann&check_keywords=yes&area=default#:170\n[En savoir plus]\nGET https://sfepy.org/favicon.ico", "error_signal": {"kind": "exception", "type": "ReferenceError", "message": "jQuery is not defined", "stack_hint": ["<anonymous> https://sfepy.org/doc-devel/search.html?q=neumann&check_keywords=yes&area=default#:165", "<anonymous> https://sfepy.org/doc-devel/search.html?q=neumann&check_keywords=yes&area=default#:170"]}, "ui_elements": ["browser console", "error icons", "GET request entry"], "user_action": "User searched docs at sfepy.org and opened browser console to see errors", "code_hint": {"function_names": ["<anonymous>"], "file_patterns": ["search.html"], "frameworks": ["jQuery"]}, "visual_saliency": "Two red error icons with ReferenceError messages highlighted in red text", "confidence": 0.95, "notes": "jQuery not loaded causing search page to break"}]}
+{"instance_id": "silevis__reactgrid__2063202600", "category": "error_message", "records": [{"confidence": 0.0}]}
+{"instance_id": "strapi-community__strapi-plugin-transformer__1258254518", "category": "code_screenshot", "records": [{"ocr_text": "module.exports = ({ env }) => ({\n  ...\n  'transformer': {\n    enabled: env.bool('TRANSFORM_API', false),\n    config: {\n      prefix: env('API_PREFIX', '/api/'),\n      responseTransforms: {\n        removeAttributesKey: env.bool('TRANSFORM_API_ATTRIBUTES', false),\n        removeDataKey: env.bool('TRANSFORM_API_DATA', false),\n      }\n    },\n  },\n});", "error_signal": null, "ui_elements": [".env api tab", "plugins.js config M tab", "breadcrumb: apps > api > config > js plugins.js > <unknown> > exports > 'transformer' > config > prefix"], "user_action": "Configuring the transformer plugin with API prefix in plugins.js", "code_hint": {"function_names": ["module.exports", "env", "env.bool"], "file_patterns": ["plugins.js", ".env"], "frameworks": ["Strapi"]}, "visual_saliency": "Line 5 highlighted showing prefix configuration with env('API_PREFIX', '/api/'), with 'You, now • Uncommitted changes' annotation", "confidence": 0.95, "notes": "Strapi transformer plugin config in plugins.js, lines 1-12 visible."}, {"ocr_text": "25    API_PREFIX=/\n26    TRANSFORM_API=true\n27    TRANSFORM_API_ATTRIBUTES=true\n28    TRANSFORM_API_DATA=true", "error_signal": null, "ui_elements": null, "user_action": "Configuring environment variables for API prefix and transform settings", "code_hint": {"function_names": ["API_PREFIX", "TRANSFORM_API", "TRANSFORM_API_ATTRIBUTES", "TRANSFORM_API_DATA"], "file_patterns": [".env"], "frameworks": ["Strapi"]}, "visual_saliency": "Environment variable definitions on lines 25-28", "confidence": 0.92, "notes": "Lines 25-28: env vars setting API prefix to / causing admin clash"}, {"ocr_text": "Warning: An error occurred", "error_signal": {"kind": "warning", "type": "GenericError", "message": "Warning: An error occurred", "stack_hint": []}, "ui_elements": ["warning alert banner", "close button (X)", "error icon"], "user_action": "User accessed the Strapi admin panel and encountered a warning error alert.", "code_hint": {"function_names": [], "file_patterns": ["plugins.js"], "frameworks": ["Strapi"]}, "visual_saliency": "Red/pink warning banner with error icon and dismissible close button", "confidence": 0.85, "notes": "Strapi admin shows generic error due to API prefix clash."}]}
+{"instance_id": "yihui__knitr__1183794769", "category": "rendering_result", "records": [{"ocr_text": "gęstość, pensja, 0.00015, 0.00010, 0.00005, 0.00000, 0, 10000, 20000, 30000, (a) Liczba klas dobrana ekspe-rymentalnie. (b) Liczba klas dobrana regułą Freedmana-Diaconisa. Rysunek 3: Histogram zmiennej pensja oraz gęstość rozkładu logarytmicznie", "error_signal": null, "ui_elements": ["subfloat", "histogram plot", "caption", "figure"], "user_action": "User generated LaTeX subfloats and noticed adjacent images/captions lack separators", "code_hint": {"function_names": ["subfloat"], "file_patterns": null, "frameworks": ["LaTeX"]}, "visual_saliency": "Two histogram subfigures placed directly adjacent with no horizontal separation between them, and their captions also appear merged together", "confidence": 0.88, "notes": "Subfloat images and captions lack separators in LaTeX output."}]}
+{"instance_id": "yshui__picom__2002892676", "category": "log_output", "records": [{"ocr_text": "workstation:~/Work/picom$ unset HOME\nworkstation:/home/helix/Work/picom$ echo $HOME\n\nworkstation:/home/helix/Work/picom$ build/src/picom --config=/dev/null --invert-color-include=\"class_g = 'Chromium'\"\n[ 12/21/2023 23:02:58.504 x_create_picture_with_pictfmt_and_pixmap ERROR ] failed to create picture (X error 8 MATCH request 139 minor 4 serial 2309)\n[ 12/21/2023 23:02:58.504 root_damaged ERROR ] Failed to bind root back pixmap\n[ 12/21/2023 23:02:58.504 x_create_picture_with_pictfmt_and_pixmap ERROR ] failed to create picture (X error 8 MATCH request 139 minor 4 serial 2323)\n[ 12/21/2023 23:02:58.504 root_damaged ERROR ] Failed to bind root back pixmap", "error_signal": {"kind": "runtime_error", "type": "X error 8 MATCH", "message": "failed to create picture (X error 8 MATCH request 139 minor 4 serial 2309); Failed to bind root back pixmap", "stack_hint": ["x_create_picture_with_pictfmt_and_pixmap", "root_damaged"]}, "ui_elements": ["Terminal", "Settings - About Chromium", "Chromium Version 120.0.6099.109 (Official Build) Arch Linux (64-bit)"], "user_action": "User unsets HOME env variable then runs picom with --invert-color-include for Chromium, triggering X errors.", "code_hint": {"function_names": ["x_create_picture_with_pictfmt_and_pixmap", "root_damaged"], "file_patterns": ["build/src/picom", "--config=/dev/null"], "frameworks": ["picom", "X11", "Chromium"]}, "visual_saliency": "Red ERROR labels in terminal log lines highlighting X error failures when HOME is unset", "confidence": 0.95, "notes": "picom --invert-color-include fails with X errors when HOME env is unset"}, {"ocr_text": "workstation:~/Work/picom$ unset HOME\nworkstation:/home/helix/Work/picom$ echo $HOME\n\nworkstation:/home/helix/Work/picom$ build/src/picom --invert-color-include=\"class_g = 'Chromium'\"\n[ 12/21/2023 23:51:18.764 get_cfg WARN ] The egl backend is still experimental, use with care.\n[ 12/21/2023 23:51:18.764 session_init INFO ] Switching to log file: /home/helix/.local/state/picom.log", "error_signal": {"kind": "warning", "type": "WARN", "message": "The egl backend is still experimental, use with care.", "stack_hint": ["get_cfg", "session_init"]}, "ui_elements": ["Terminal", "Settings - About Chromium", "Chromium browser window showing non-inverted colors"], "user_action": "Running picom --invert-color-include with HOME unset to demonstrate color inversion failure", "code_hint": {"function_names": ["get_cfg", "session_init"], "file_patterns": ["/home/helix/.local/state/picom.log", "build/src/picom"], "frameworks": ["picom", "egl"]}, "visual_saliency": "Terminal showing unset HOME and picom command, with Chromium window below showing colors are NOT inverted", "confidence": 0.92, "notes": "picom invert-color-include fails when HOME env var is unset"}, {"ocr_text": "workstation:~/Work/picom$ unset HOME\nworkstation:/home/helix/Work/picom$ echo $HOME\n\nworkstation:/home/helix/Work/picom$ build/src/picom --invert-color-include=\"class_g = 'Chromium'\"\n[ 12/21/2023 23:51:18.764 get_cfg WARN ] The egl backend is still experimental, use with care.\n[ 12/21/2023 23:51:18.764 session_init INFO ] Switching to log file: /home/helix/.local/state/picom.log\n*Cworkstation:/home/helix/Work/picom$", "error_signal": {"kind": "warning", "type": "WARN", "message": "The egl backend is still experimental, use with care.", "stack_hint": ["get_cfg"]}, "ui_elements": ["Terminal", "Settings - About Chromium tab", "Chromium browser showing chrome://settings/help", "Version 120.0.6099.109 (Official Build) Arch Linux (64-bit)"], "user_action": "User unsets HOME env variable, then runs picom --invert-color-include targeting Chromium, showing it fails to invert colors.", "code_hint": {"function_names": ["get_cfg", "session_init"], "file_patterns": ["/home/helix/.local/state/picom.log", "build/src/picom"], "frameworks": ["picom", "egl"]}, "visual_saliency": "Terminal showing unset HOME and picom command output; Chromium browser below with non-inverted colors demonstrating the bug", "confidence": 0.93, "notes": "picom --invert-color-include fails silently when HOME env is unset."}]}

scripts/download_repos.py

@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+"""Download repository snapshots for MM-IssueLoc Bench at each PR base_commit.
+
+For every entry in `commit_cache.json`, this script fetches a source-code
+tarball at the exact `base_commit` via the GitHub REST API and extracts it
+into `repos/<dir_name>/`. No `.git` history is retained.
+
+Requirements
+------------
+- Python 3.10+ (stdlib only — no external packages).
+- A GitHub personal access token with `public_repo` scope is strongly
+  recommended: the anonymous rate limit is 60 req/hour, vs 5000/hour with
+  a token. Pass it via `--token` or set `GITHUB_TOKEN` / `GH_TOKEN`.
+  Generate one at https://github.com/settings/tokens (no extra permissions
+  needed for public repositories).
+
+Example
+-------
+    export GITHUB_TOKEN=ghp_xxx
+    python3 scripts/download_repos.py                     # ~10 min w/ token
+    python3 scripts/download_repos.py --workers 8
+    python3 scripts/download_repos.py --only 5            # dry-run small slice
+    python3 scripts/download_repos.py --retry-failed      # retry failures
+
+Resumability
+------------
+Already-extracted directories are skipped by default. Partial downloads
+use a `<dir>.tmp` staging directory that is renamed atomically on success,
+so a Ctrl+C never leaves a half-extracted repo under `repos/`.
+
+Disk / bandwidth
+----------------
+Full download is ~5–20 GB across 653 repos; size is dominated by a few
+large upstream projects. Individual tarballs are streamed in memory
+(typical peak RSS < 500 MB) and extracted immediately.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import concurrent.futures as cf
+import json
+import os
+import shutil
+import sys
+import tarfile
+import time
+import urllib.error
+import urllib.request
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from io import BytesIO
+from pathlib import Path
+
+API_ROOT = "https://api.github.com"
+UA = "mm-issueloc-bench-downloader/1.0"
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Types
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@dataclass
+class Job:
+    instance_id: str
+    repo: str          # "owner/name"
+    sha: str           # full commit SHA
+    dir_name: str      # target directory name
+
+    @property
+    def owner(self) -> str:
+        return self.repo.split("/", 1)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return self.repo.split("/", 1)[1]
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Result:
+    job: Job
+    ok: bool
+    files: int = 0
+    error: str = ""
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# GitHub API
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def _request(url: str, token: str | None, timeout: int = 180) -> bytes:
+    """GET a URL, returning the raw body. Follows redirects (tarball → codeload)."""
+    headers = {"Accept": "application/vnd.github+json", "User-Agent": UA}
+    if token:
+        headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {token}"
+    req = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=headers)
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=timeout) as resp:
+        return resp.read()
+
+
+def fetch_tarball(job: Job, token: str | None, max_retries: int = 5) -> bytes:
+    """Fetch the repo as a gzipped tarball at the target commit.
+
+    Retries on 403 rate-limit and transient network errors with exponential backoff.
+    """
+    url = f"{API_ROOT}/repos/{job.repo}/tarball/{job.sha}"
+    last_err: Exception | None = None
+    for attempt in range(max_retries):
+        try:
+            return _request(url, token)
+        except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+            body = e.read().decode("utf-8", errors="replace") if hasattr(e, "read") else ""
+            if e.code == 403 and ("rate limit" in body.lower() or "secondary" in body.lower()):
+                wait = min(60 * (2 ** attempt), 900)
+                print(f"    rate limited ({e.code}); sleeping {wait}s (attempt {attempt + 1}/{max_retries})",
+                      file=sys.stderr, flush=True)
+                time.sleep(wait)
+                last_err = e
+                continue
+            # 404 / 451 / 410 etc — repo is gone, don't retry
+            raise RuntimeError(f"HTTP {e.code} — {body[:200]}") from e
+        except (urllib.error.URLError, TimeoutError, ConnectionError) as e:
+            wait = 2 ** attempt
+            print(f"    network error ({e}); retrying in {wait}s", file=sys.stderr, flush=True)
+            time.sleep(wait)
+            last_err = e
+    raise RuntimeError(f"exhausted retries: {last_err}")
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Extraction
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+_TAR_KW = {"filter": "data"} if sys.version_info >= (3, 12) else {}
+
+
+def extract_tarball(data: bytes, dest: Path) -> int:
+    """Extract into dest/, stripping the GitHub tarball's top-level dir.
+
+    GitHub tarballs have a top-level directory like `owner-name-shortsha/`;
+    we strip it so that dest/ holds the repo contents directly.
+    """
+    dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    n = 0
+    with tarfile.open(fileobj=BytesIO(data), mode="r:gz") as tf:
+        members = tf.getmembers()
+        if not members:
+            return 0
+        root = members[0].name.split("/", 1)[0] + "/"
+        for m in members:
+            if not m.name.startswith(root):
+                continue
+            m.name = m.name[len(root):]
+            if not m.name:
+                continue
+            try:
+                tf.extract(m, path=dest, **_TAR_KW)
+                n += 1
+            except Exception as e:
+                # Skip problematic members (broken symlinks, etc.) but keep going
+                print(f"    skipped member {m.name!r}: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+    return n
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Per-job driver
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def run_one(job: Job, out_dir: Path, token: str | None) -> Result:
+    dest = out_dir / job.dir_name
+    tmp = dest.with_suffix(".tmp")
+    if tmp.exists():
+        shutil.rmtree(tmp)
+    try:
+        data = fetch_tarball(job, token)
+        n = extract_tarball(data, tmp)
+        tmp.rename(dest)
+        return Result(job, ok=True, files=n)
+    except Exception as e:
+        if tmp.exists():
+            shutil.rmtree(tmp, ignore_errors=True)
+        return Result(job, ok=False, error=str(e))
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Main
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def _load_jobs(cache_path: Path, out_dir: Path, *, skip_existing: bool) -> tuple[list[Job], int]:
+    cache: dict[str, dict] = json.loads(cache_path.read_text())
+    jobs: list[Job] = []
+    skipped = 0
+    for iid, entry in cache.items():
+        job = Job(
+            instance_id=iid,
+            repo=entry["repo"],
+            sha=entry["sha"],
+            dir_name=entry["dir_name"],
+        )
+        dest = out_dir / job.dir_name
+        if skip_existing and dest.exists() and any(dest.iterdir()):
+            skipped += 1
+            continue
+        jobs.append(job)
+    return jobs, skipped
+
+
+def _load_failed(failures_path: Path, out_dir: Path) -> list[Job]:
+    records = json.loads(failures_path.read_text())
+    return [
+        Job(instance_id=r["instance_id"], repo=r["repo"], sha=r["sha"], dir_name=r["dir_name"])
+        for r in records
+    ]
+
+
+def main() -> int:
+    ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__.split("\n")[0])
+    ap.add_argument("--output-dir", type=Path, default=Path("repos"),
+                    help="Directory to place `<dir_name>/` snapshots into (default: repos)")
+    ap.add_argument("--cache-file", type=Path, default=Path("commit_cache.json"),
+                    help="Path to commit_cache.json (default: ./commit_cache.json)")
+    ap.add_argument("--workers", type=int, default=4,
+                    help="Parallel download workers (default: 4)")
+    ap.add_argument("--only", type=int, default=0,
+                    help="Download only the first N jobs (for testing)")
+    ap.add_argument("--token", default=os.environ.get("GITHUB_TOKEN") or os.environ.get("GH_TOKEN"),
+                    help="GitHub token; falls back to $GITHUB_TOKEN / $GH_TOKEN")
+    ap.add_argument("--no-skip-existing", action="store_true",
+                    help="Re-download even if the target directory already exists")
+    ap.add_argument("--retry-failed", action="store_true",
+                    help="Retry entries from download_failures.json instead of the full cache")
+    args = ap.parse_args()
+
+    if not args.cache_file.exists():
+        print(f"error: {args.cache_file} not found — run from the dataset root.", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 2
+    if not args.token:
+        print("WARNING: no token provided. Unauthenticated rate limit is 60 req/hour.\n"
+              "         Set GITHUB_TOKEN or pass --token for a 5000/hour limit.",
+              file=sys.stderr)
+
+    args.output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    failures_path = args.output_dir.parent / "download_failures.json"
+
+    if args.retry_failed:
+        if not failures_path.exists():
+            print(f"error: no {failures_path} — nothing to retry.", file=sys.stderr)
+            return 2
+        jobs = _load_failed(failures_path, args.output_dir)
+        skipped = 0
+        print(f"Retrying {len(jobs)} previously failed entries from {failures_path}")
+    else:
+        jobs, skipped = _load_jobs(
+            args.cache_file, args.output_dir, skip_existing=not args.no_skip_existing,
+        )
+        if args.only:
+            jobs = jobs[: args.only]
+
+    if not jobs:
+        print(f"Nothing to do — {skipped} already present in {args.output_dir}/.")
+        return 0
+
+    print(f"Downloading {len(jobs)} repos into {args.output_dir}/ ({skipped} already present) "
+          f"with {args.workers} workers.")
+
+    failures: list[Result] = []
+    start = time.time()
+    with cf.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=args.workers) as ex:
+        futures = {ex.submit(run_one, j, args.output_dir, args.token): j for j in jobs}
+        try:
+            for i, fut in enumerate(cf.as_completed(futures), 1):
+                res = fut.result()
+                tag = "ok " if res.ok else "FAIL"
+                short_sha = res.job.sha[:12]
+                extra = f"{res.files:>5} files" if res.ok else res.error[:80]
+                print(f"  [{i:>4}/{len(jobs)}] {tag}  {res.job.repo:<55s} @ {short_sha}  {extra}",
+                      flush=True)
+                if not res.ok:
+                    failures.append(res)
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            print("\nInterrupted — waiting for in-flight downloads to finish cleanly...",
+                  file=sys.stderr)
+            ex.shutdown(cancel_futures=True)
+            return 130
+
+    elapsed = time.time() - start
+    n_ok = len(jobs) - len(failures)
+    print(f"\n{n_ok}/{len(jobs)} repos fetched in {elapsed:.0f}s.")
+
+    if failures:
+        failures_path.write_text(json.dumps(
+            [
+                {
+                    "instance_id": r.job.instance_id,
+                    "repo": r.job.repo,
+                    "sha": r.job.sha,
+                    "dir_name": r.job.dir_name,
+                    "error": r.error,
+                }
+                for r in failures
+            ],
+            indent=2,
+        ))
+        print(f"{len(failures)} failures logged to {failures_path}\n"
+              f"Retry with:  python3 scripts/download_repos.py --retry-failed", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())