System:
You are an expert in research tasked with generating detailed prompts for various aspects of academic research papers. Each task involves creating a specific type of prompt based on the provided information. Here are the definitions of each part you will work with:

- Context: The status quo of related literature or reality which motivated this study. This could normally be a problem, a research question, or a research gap that has not been successfully addressed by previous work. This is anything that happened before this study.
- Key Idea: The main intellectual merit of this paper, often in comparison to the context. This could normally be a novel idea or solution proposed in this paper that distinguishes it from what's already done in literature. This is proposed in this study.
- Method: The specific research method that investigates and validates the key idea. This could be an experimental setup, a theoretical framework, or other necessary methodology to implement and/or evaluate the key idea. This is performed in this study.
- Outcome: The factual statement about the study output. This could be the experiment results and any other measurable outcome that has occurred. It marks whether the key hypothesis is testified or not. This is produced in this study.
- Projected Impact: The author-anticipated impact of the work on the field, and potential further research identified by the author that may improve or extend this study. This is anything being anticipated but has not happened yet.

Based on the context: 'Automated content moderation requires accurate, context-sensitive hate speech evaluation, and multimodal large language models could improve this by integrating contextual information, necessitating assessment of their performance and alignment with human judgement.', the key idea: 'The study uses conjoint experiments to systematically audit MLLMs' context-sensitive hate speech evaluations by varying post attributes and benchmarking model decisions against human judgements, including tests of prompting and sensitivity to visual identity cues.', the method: 'Models were given a hate speech policy and evaluated simulated social media posts that varied in slur usage, user demographics and other attributes; their decisions were benchmarked against judgements from 1,854 human participants, with further analyses of prompting effects and responsiveness to visual identity cues.', and the outcome: 'Larger, more advanced models made context-sensitive evaluations closely aligned with human judgement; pervasive demographic and lexical biases persisted, particularly among smaller models; prompting amplified context sensitivity but did not eliminate biases, and some models were especially responsive to visual identity cues.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings underscore the benefits and risks of deploying MLLMs for content moderation and suggest conjoint experiments as a useful approach for auditing AI in complex, context-dependent applications.


Based on the context: 'Comparing information structures between deep neural networks and the human brain is a key approach, with prior work showing vision–language models (e.g., CLIP) align better with ventral occipitotemporal cortex activity than vision-only models, but interpretation is limited by the black-box nature of DNNs.', the key idea: 'Combine model–brain fitness analyses with human brain-lesion data to causally test how disrupting communication between visual and language systems affects the ability of vision–language models to explain visual cortex activity, thereby probing language modulation of human vision.', the method: 'Across four datasets, evaluate model–brain correspondence in VOTC for CLIP versus label-supervised (ResNet) and unsupervised (MoCo) models, assess lateralization, and analyze 33 stroke patients by correlating white matter integrity between VOTC and the left angular gyrus with model–brain similarity.', and the outcome: 'CLIP consistently captured unique variance in VOTC neural representations relative to ResNet and MoCo, with a left-lateralized advantage; reduced visual–language white matter integrity was associated with decreased CLIP–brain correspondence and increased MoCo–brain correspondence.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings support integrating language modulation into neurocognitive models of human vision and demonstrate that leveraging specific brain lesions is a promising framework for evaluating and developing brain-like computational models.


Based on the context: 'Climate-related disasters like wildfires and floods pose escalating risks, yet motivating individuals to adopt protective measures is a persistent challenge due to barriers such as psychological distance.', the key idea: 'A behavioral intervention personalizes climate risk communications by integrating proximal cues (e.g., recipients' suburbs) to reduce psychological distance and foster place attachment.', the method: 'A pre-registered randomized field experiment with 12,985 Australian homeowners in wildfire-prone areas compared localized, place-cued emails to generic communications and measured click-throughs and information-seeking about wildfire preparedness.', and the outcome: 'Localized messages doubled the likelihood of seeking further preparedness information compared to generic messages (odds ratio 2.03, 95% CI 1.33–3.16), increasing click-throughs and engagement.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The intervention offers a scalable, low-cost approach to enhance disaster preparedness and provides guidance for leveraging behavioral science to mitigate impacts of climate-related disasters.


Based on the context: 'Human language exhibits systematic structure with words and phrases, motivating an explanation of how such structure arises and its relation to general cognitive constraints.', the key idea: 'Languages can be understood as codes that minimize predictive information, leading to systematic and local expression of approximately independent features akin to words and phrases.', the method: 'The study uses simulations to examine codes that minimize predictive information and analyzes cross-linguistic text corpora to compare predictive information against baselines at phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexical semantics.', and the outcome: 'Simulations show that minimizing predictive information yields message groupings into approximately independent features expressed locally, and empirical analyses find that human languages have low predictive information compared with baselines across multiple linguistic levels.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings establish a link between the statistical and algebraic structure of language and reinforce the view that language structures are shaped by communication under general cognitive constraints.


Based on the context: 'Humans possess culturally dependent repertoires that exceed individual innovation capacity, and it is unclear whether non-human animals require social learning to achieve adult-like breadths of knowledge by key developmental milestones or can rely primarily on independent exploration.', the key idea: 'The study proposes that orangutan diet repertoires are culturally dependent and that social learning is critical to drive diet development beyond individual exploratory potentials.', the method: 'An empirically validated agent-based model was built from an extensive dataset of wild orangutan behavior to simulate immature diet development under conditions with and without multiple forms of social learning.', and the outcome: 'In the model, diets reached adult-like breadths only when immatures benefited from multiple social learning mechanisms, and social learning was necessary for achieving adult-like breadths by the age of independence from mothers.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings suggest orangutan diets are culturally dependent and point to new avenues for investigating how cultural repertoires are built in hominids and other species.


Based on the context: 'Reinforcement learning algorithms have been successful in explaining reward-based learning, including instrumental learning in contextual bandit tasks and accounting for brain signal variance, but human reward learning involves multiple processes like memory and choice perseveration that can be misattributed to RL.', the key idea: 'The study examines how much human reward-based learning is truly supported by RL computations and proposes a dual-process account combining a fast working-memory-based mechanism with a slower habit-like associative mechanism.', the method: 'The author reanalyzes and conducts computational modeling across seven datasets (n=594) from diverse samples in an instrumental learning context designed to factor out other processes.', and the outcome: 'Reward-based learning behavior is best explained by the joint influence of a fast working-memory process and a slower habit-like associative process, neither of which aligns with a standard RL algorithm on its own.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The results challenge conventional interpretations of RL algorithms as capturing meaningful cognitive processes across brain and behavior, prompting reconsideration of how RL is used to model human learning.


Based on the context: 'There is growing interest in how individuals adjust goals when encountering striving difficulties, but research is fragmented across theoretical perspectives and life domains.', the key idea: 'A comprehensive meta-analytic review introduces a conceptual model that categorizes and maps antecedents and outcomes of goal disengagement, reengagement, and goal-striving flexibility to consolidate the field.', the method: 'A systematic search across multiple databases (last updated May 2025) identified eligible studies on predictors and outcomes of goal adjustment; 1,421 effect sizes from 235 studies were categorized and analyzed using random-effects meta-analyses, with study quality assessed using QualSyst.', and the outcome: 'The review found associations between multiple antecedent categories and goal disengagement, reengagement and flexibility, and between these aspects of goal adjustment and wellbeing, functional, and goal-related outcomes; each aspect is predicted by unique combinations of antecedents and predicts distinct outcomes. The overall evidence quality was judged low to moderate due to reliance on cross-sectional studies, risk of publication bias, and high heterogeneity.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The conceptual model consolidates the literature and offers a roadmap for more systematic investigation of goal adjustment going forward.


Based on the context: 'Brain-wide association studies have focused on inter-regional coupling, while intra-regional spontaneous dynamics remain largely unexplored despite their importance for understanding inter-individual differences.', the key idea: 'Characterizing intra-regional resting-state haemodynamic dynamics with rich time-series features to derive stable, individual-specific 'barcodes' that capture inter-individual variation and enable generalizable brain–behaviour associations beyond traditional connectivity measures.', the method: 'Analyzed four neuroimaging cohorts (ages 8–82 years; N=30,148), extracted ~5,000 time-series features from resting-state signals across 271 brain regions, identified a reliable subset as individual barcodes, and tested associations between barcode dimensions and behavioural traits (substance use, general cognitive abilities) across datasets and age groups.', and the outcome: 'Stable individual-specific barcodes were identified across datasets; nonlinear autocorrelations in unimodal regions were linked to substance use traits and random walk dynamics in higher-order networks to general cognitive abilities; these associations generalized across life stages and populations, with age-specific variation for substance use and consistent patterns for cognition.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The results highlight intra-regional dynamics as a foundation for large-scale, generalizable brain-wide association studies and encourage broader use of regional temporal barcodes to link brain activity to behaviour across populations and life stages.


Based on the context: 'Young adults face rising loneliness and mental health challenges, motivating research on barriers to social connection.', the key idea: 'The study introduces an 'empathy perception gap'—people underestimate others’ empathy—and proposes bridging this gap by presenting peers’ self-reported empathy and nudging social risk-taking to foster connection.', the method: 'A longitudinal study of 5,192 undergraduates assessed perceived peer empathy and well-being, complemented by two field experiments that shared data on peers’ empathy and provided behavioral nudges encouraging social risk-taking.', and the outcome: 'Perceiving peers as empathic was associated with better current and future well-being; students systematically underestimated peers’ empathy, and lower perceived empathy predicted reduced social risk-taking and increased isolation. Interventions reduced the perception gap, increased social behaviors, and expanded social networks months later.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings indicate a promising, scalable approach to cultivating social well-being by simply sharing information about peers’ empathy.


Based on the context: 'Emotional events are vividly remembered and emotions involve brain-wide network interactions, but it is unclear whether and how whole-brain dynamics contribute to memory encoding.', the key idea: 'Emotional arousal enhances memory encoding by strengthening functional integration across large-scale brain networks, with an integrated brain state (increased cohesion across functional modules) proposed as the mechanism linking arousal to recall fidelity.', the method: 'Functional MRI, graph theory, text analyses, and pupillometry were combined in a naturalistic paradigm where participants perceived narratives and later recalled them in their own words, analyzing three independent datasets to test associations and mediation among arousal, network integration, and memory fidelity.', and the outcome: 'Emotionally arousing narrative moments were associated with increased functional integration across brain networks, which predicted subsequent recall fidelity, and network integration mediated the effect of arousal on recall, supported by consistent within- and between-network interactions across datasets.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings are expected to advance a cross-level understanding of emotional memory by bridging large-scale brain network dynamics, affective states, and ongoing cognition.


Based on the context: 'Psychometric network models are widely used to explore multivariate data, with edges interpreted as evidence of conditional associations, yet the statistical support for these edges is seldom evaluated.', the key idea: 'Quantify the statistical evidence for network edges using a Bayesian approach (inclusion Bayes factors) to assess how strongly reported associations are supported.', the method: 'Reanalysis of 293 networks from 126 published papers using inclusion Bayes factors (BF10) for each edge, categorizing evidence strength and examining how sample size relates to robustness.', and the outcome: 'About one-third of edges showed inconclusive evidence (1/3 < BF10 < 3), roughly half showed weak evidence (BF10 > 3 or BF10 < 1/3), and fewer than 20% were strongly supported (BF10 > 10 or BF10 < 1/10); larger sample sizes yielded more robust networks.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The results call for caution when interpreting individual edges in psychometric networks and encourage more rigorous evaluation of statistical evidence in future research.


Based on the context: 'Climate change impacts vary across locations, raising the possibility that migration from high-risk to lower-risk areas could reduce future damages; assessing whether such migration is already occurring can inform expectations about future responses.', the key idea: 'The study examines whether hurricanes and tropical storms trigger county-level outmigration in the USA and whether migration reduces exposure, leveraging comprehensive storm path data and differentiating responses by storm destructiveness and local economic activity.', the method: 'An empirical analysis uses data on the paths of all Atlantic basin hurricanes and tropical storms from 1992 to 2017 to relate county-level outmigration to storm exposure, track population-weighted exposure over time, and compare responses by storm severity and economic activity.', and the outcome: 'On average, storms are not followed by outmigration and population-weighted exposure to storms increased over 1992–2017; very destructive storms lead to outmigration, often to other high-risk counties; counties with high economic activity experience net in-migration after a storm, indicating that benefits of high-risk areas outweigh incentives to relocate to reduce future exposure.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings inform understanding of how migration may respond to climate change and help anticipate the extent to which migration will mitigate future climate damages.


Based on the context: 'Prior research on seriation suggests children struggle to apply algorithmic strategies in simple sorting tasks, despite efficient algorithms enhancing problem-solving.', the key idea: 'Children can spontaneously discover and apply efficient sorting algorithms when faced with a more demanding variant of the task with hidden ranks, indicating greater competence than previously believed.', the method: 'Children completed a sorting task with animated bunnies whose heights were hidden behind a wall; their performance and strategies were analyzed across ages to identify spontaneous use of efficient algorithms.', and the outcome: 'Children performed far above chance, independently discovered efficient algorithms such as selection sort and shaker sort, and older children sorted more effectively and used efficient strategies more frequently.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings suggest a reassessment of children's capacity for strategic, algorithmic problem-solving and highlight developmental progress in strategic thinking and problem-solving abilities.


Based on the context: 'Addressing societal challenges requires unrelated individuals to reduce conflict and coordinate actions, yet the role of honour—often studied in relation to conflict—in competition and cooperation is underexplored.', the key idea: 'The study examines how perceived normative honour values and personally endorsed honour values predict competition and cooperation, framing honour as a cultural logic with distinct forms.', the method: 'A preregistered online experiment with 3,371 participants from 13 societies elicited incentivized competition decisions in a contest game and cooperation decisions in a step-level public goods game, alongside measures of perceived societal honour norms and personal honour endorsements.', and the outcome: 'Perceived normative honour values were associated with greater competition and greater cooperation at both societal and individual levels; endorsing defence of family reputation predicted greater coordination, while endorsing self-promotion and retaliation predicted weaker coordination.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings highlight honour, in its different forms, as a cultural logic shaping competition and cooperation across societies.


Based on the context: 'Economic games integrated with network science are used to study social behavior, but traditional models and experiments restrict players from taking different actions toward distinct social neighbors, limiting social networking agency.', the key idea: 'Introducing and manipulating social networking agency—allowing individuals to tailor actions to each neighbor—to examine its effects on cooperation, trust, and fairness in economic games.', the method: 'An experimental paradigm that varies network agency was applied to the prisoner’s dilemma, trust game, and ultimatum game (N=735 each), comparing groups with greater agency to control groups on prosocial behaviors, wealth, and inequality.', and the outcome: 'Granting greater network agency increased cooperation, trust, and fairness across all three games and led to higher wealth and lower inequality relative to control groups.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Incorporating social networking agency into experimental designs is expected to better capture the prosocial potential of human behavior.


Based on the context: 'Social norms messaging is widely used as a cost-effective strategy to change health behaviors, but its overall effectiveness has not been comprehensively evaluated.', the key idea: 'A pre-registered, comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials assesses the effectiveness of social norms messaging on health behaviors, incorporating robust adjustments for publication bias and moderator analyses.', the method: 'Randomized controlled trials from developed countries targeting individuals aged 16+ were systematically identified across multiple databases; risk of bias was assessed with Cochrane RoB 2 by two reviewers; a random-effects meta-analysis standardized effects to Cohen’s d, evaluated heterogeneity with I², applied robust Bayesian meta-analysis to adjust for publication bias, and conducted moderator analyses by message type, delivery modality, health domain, and population.', and the outcome: 'Across 89 studies (n=85,759), social norms messaging showed a small pooled effect (d=0.1, 95% CI [0.09, 0.19], P<0.001) that disappeared after controlling for publication bias; moderator analyses revealed no significant differences by message type, modality, health domain, or population.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings suggest social norms messages are not effective at improving health behaviors once publication bias is accounted for, indicating that future public health efforts should prioritize alternative behavior-change approaches.


Based on the context: 'Low-socioeconomic-status and immigrant households benefit most from high-quality early childcare yet access it least, with large enrolment disparities in France; cognitive and behavioral barriers are suspected contributors.', the key idea: 'Reducing administrative burden and information costs through informational interventions and personalized support is proposed to address social inequalities in early childcare applications and access.', the method: 'A multi-arm randomized controlled trial with 1,849 households in France tested an information-only intervention versus personalized support aimed at alleviating administrative burdens, measuring effects on application and access rates.', and the outcome: 'The information-only treatment had minimal impact, while personalized support significantly eliminated SES and migration gaps in applications; despite higher application rates, impacts on access rates for low-SES and immigrant households were limited.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The study highlights the need for integrated strategies beyond information provision to promote equal opportunities in early childhood education by addressing key obstacles to access for low-SES and immigrant households.


Based on the context: 'School interventions aimed at improving adolescents’ general knowledge of vaccination are rare, despite their potential to reduce vaccine hesitancy.', the key idea: 'Two scalable school-based interventions—a set of ready-to-use pedagogical activities for teachers and a chatbot—are proposed to improve adolescents’ attitudes toward and knowledge of vaccination compared to the standard curriculum.', the method: 'A cluster-randomized trial with 8,589 French ninth graders from 399 schools compared the two interventions against the standard curriculum, measuring changes in attitudes toward vaccination (primary outcome) and knowledge.', and the outcome: 'Both interventions significantly improved attitudes (Pedagogical Activities: t398=2.99, P=0.003, β=0.094, 95% CI [0.032, 0.156]; Chatbot: t398=2.07, P=0.039, β=0.063, 95% CI [0.003, 0.124]) and knowledge (Pedagogical Activities: t398=3.23, P=0.0013, β=0.103, 95% CI [0.040, 0.165]; Chatbot: t398=2.23, P=0.027, β=0.070, 95% CI [0.008, 0.132]).', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The interventions offer scalable ways to counter vaccine hesitancy among adolescents and have important public health implications by improving acceptance and understanding of vaccines.


Based on the context: 'Private hosting of refugees in Europe has increased during the Ukrainian displacement crisis, but its impact on refugee integration remains understudied.', the key idea: 'The study assesses the short- to medium-term effects of private hosting on multidimensional integration outcomes for Ukrainian refugees in Germany by leveraging a matching platform dataset.', the method: 'Using data from a large non-profit platform, the study compares integration outcomes of refugees matched with private hosts to those of observably similar applicants who were not matched (n=1,700), evaluating social, psychological, navigational, linguistic, economic, and political dimensions.', and the outcome: 'Private hosting led to significant improvements in social, psychological, and navigational integration, with no discernible effects on linguistic, economic, or political integration; the study provides causal evidence of these effects.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings suggest private hosting can complement traditional public asylum reception and housing systems and mobilize civil society to enhance refugee integration during humanitarian crises.


Based on the context: 'Traditional smoking cessation interventions have limited coverage, and while digital approaches show promise, their comparative efficacy across methodological frameworks and technology types is unclear.', the key idea: 'The study systematically compares digital smoking cessation interventions by methodology and technology type to determine which approaches are most effective relative to standard care.', the method: 'A frequentist random-effects network meta-analysis of 152 randomized controlled trials categorized interventions by methodology and technology type, with cross-matched subgroup and sensitivity analyses.', and the outcome: 'Personalized interventions improved cessation versus standard care (RR 1.86, 95% CI 1.54–2.24); group-customized interventions were more effective (RR 1.93, 95% CI 1.30–2.86) than standard digital interventions (RR 1.50, 95% CI 1.31–1.72); text message-based interventions were most effective (RR 1.63, 95% CI 1.38–1.92); middle-aged individuals benefited more than younger individuals; short- and medium-term programs outperformed long-term ones; sensitivity analyses supported these low-to-moderate findings, with limitations including methodological heterogeneity, potential bias, inconsistent definitions, and limited long-term follow-up.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The authors call for large-scale trials to assess long-term sustainability and population-specific responses, as well as standardization of methods and individual-level data integration.


Based on the context: 'Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is sensitive to individual biophysical differences such as hair and skin characteristics, which can bias signal quality and disproportionately affect diverse populations.', the key idea: 'The study quantifies how hair properties, skin pigmentation, and other factors affect fNIRS signal quality and proposes practical recommendations to enhance inclusivity in fNIRS research.', the method: 'Signal quality was assessed in n=115 individuals while measuring hair properties, skin pigmentation, head size, sex, and age; the authors also developed a suggested metadata table and guidance for cap and optode configurations and hair management techniques.', and the outcome: 'Hair properties and skin pigmentation, along with head size, sex, and age, were found to impact fNIRS signal quality, and the study produced recommendations to optimize data collection across varied participants.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The recommendations aim to guide future hardware advances and methodological standards to overcome barriers to inclusivity in fNIRS studies.


Based on the context: 'Prior research has established that human mobility exhibits scale-free patterns and proposed models explaining these distributions, but it has not explicitly addressed how geographical constraints (landmasses, waterways, and built environment) structure mobility.', the key idea: 'The study separates the effect of geography from mobility choices by incorporating geography via the pair distribution function, revealing an underlying power-law behavior across five orders of magnitude and linking spatial settlement structure to mobility.', the method: 'Using millions of movement records, the authors apply physics-based models and integrate geography through the pair distribution function to encapsulate the structure of locations, thereby decoupling geographical layout from observed mobility choices.', and the outcome: 'Separating geography from mobility choices reveals a power law spanning five orders of magnitude and identifies an underlying pattern in movement independent of geographical layout, showing how the spatial distribution of human settlements shapes human mobility.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The approach is intended to bridge the gap between distance-based and opportunity-based models of human mobility.


Based on the context: 'Complementary, alternative and integrative medicine (CAIM) use is highly prevalent among autistic individuals, but the evidence for its effects remains uncertain.', the key idea: 'Conduct an umbrella review of meta-analyses on CAIM for autism across the lifespan and develop a web platform to standardize and disseminate the findings.', the method: 'Five databases were searched up to December 31, 2023 for systematic reviews with meta-analyses; independent pairs of investigators screened and extracted data; meta-analyses were reestimated using a consistent statistical approach, methodological quality was assessed with AMSTAR-2, and certainty of evidence was appraised using an algorithmic GRADE framework.', and the outcome: 'Fifty-three meta-analytic reports were identified, enabling 248 meta-analyses across 19 CAIMs; no high-quality evidence supports the efficacy of any CAIM for core or associated autism symptoms, with several showing promising but very low-quality evidence; safety is rarely evaluated; an interactive platform was launched (https://ebiact-database.com).', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings underscore the need for rigorous evaluation of CAIM safety and efficacy in autism and provide a resource to support evidence-based consideration and guide future research.


Based on the context: 'There is a lack of large-scale studies examining cultural differences and generational trends in spousal correlations for psychiatric disorders, even though spousal trait similarity can affect prevalence, comorbidity, and bias genetic architecture estimates.', the key idea: 'A large-scale, cross-national and generational investigation assesses the consistency of spousal correlations across nine psychiatric disorders.', the method: 'Analyses of three national registries computed spousal trait correlations: Taiwan (five million spousal pairs), Denmark (571,534 pairs), and published Swedish results (707,263 pairs), with generational changes examined in Taiwan for cohorts born after the 1930s.', and the outcome: 'A majority of psychiatric disorders show consistent spousal correlations across nations and over generations, and spouses often share psychiatric disorders.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The consistency of spousal correlations suggests important effects on the population dynamics and inheritance of psychiatric disorders, with implications for prevalence, comorbidity, and genetic architecture estimation.


Based on the context: 'Systemic racism drives racial disparities in the US, but while structural and interpersonal racism are well characterized, cultural racism lacks a robust, validated measure.', the key idea: 'A theory-driven, empirical latent measure of cultural racism is developed using nine indicators to quantify this dimension of systemic racism.', the method: 'Confirmatory factor analysis on nine indicators defines the cultural racism factor, followed by analysis of CDC WONDER mortality data (2018–2021) to assess associations with all-cause mortality rates and life expectancy for Black and white adults.', and the outcome: 'Each unit increase in the cultural racism factor is associated with approximately 136 (95% CI: 90 to 182) additional all-cause deaths per 100,000 and about a one-year decline in life expectancy (−1; 95% CI: −2 to −1), with associations consistent across Black and white adults.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The measure is intended to advance research on racism and health and provide an empirical basis for efforts to address US health inequities.


Based on the context: 'Resistance to cognitive biases is a crucial component of rationality that affects judgement and decision-making, motivating a synthesis of educational debiasing efforts.', the key idea: 'A systematic review and meta-analysis quantifies the effectiveness of educational interventions in reducing cognitive biases among students, focusing on randomized controlled trials.', the method: 'A systematic review identified 54 randomized controlled trials (383 effect sizes; 10,941 participants) and a meta-analysis synthesized 160 effects from 41 studies; most interventions used cognitive strategies targeting biases (e.g., confirmation bias), and risk of bias and publication bias were assessed.', and the outcome: 'Educational interventions produced a small but statistically significant reduction in committing biases compared with controls (g = 0.26, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.39, P < 0.001); some biases (e.g., representativeness heuristic) were harder to overcome; included studies had unclear or high risk of bias and some risk of publication bias.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

More research is needed to evaluate the transfer of learning to real-world decision-making and to identify which pedagogical approaches most effectively reduce cognitive biases.


Based on the context: 'As populations age globally, ensuring equitable access to essential services for older adults is increasingly important.', the key idea: 'A fairness index is introduced to compare revealed service accessibility between high-ageing and low-ageing Census Block Groups across health care, housing, and food.', the method: 'The study constructs a fairness index and analyzes datasets spanning diverse demographic and geographic contexts to assess revealed accessibility of key services for ageing populations across the USA, including comparisons between high-ageing and low-ageing areas and projections over time.', and the outcome: 'Ageing communities generally exhibit better accessibility, but the advantage is uneven and projected to decline; up to 70% of high-ageing areas in some states lack access to ageing-specific services, indicating substantial geographic disparities.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings inform urban planning and policy debates on equitable service provision for ageing populations and highlight the need for more equitable responses to demographic ageing.


Based on the context: 'It is unknown whether information from different sensory modalities is accumulated by distinct processes and whether these processes have separate decision criteria during multisensory detection.', the key idea: 'Auditory and visual evidence are accumulated in distinct processes that sub-additively co-activate a single, thresholded motor process during redundant detection.', the method: 'Two experiments (n=22; n=21) employed a paradigm tracing neural evidence accumulation via centro-parietal positivity, modeled alongside response time distributions; analyses included redundant and conjunctive audio-visual detection, joint neural–behavioral modeling, and a follow-up onset-asynchrony experiment.', and the outcome: 'Auditory and visual evidence were found to be accumulated in distinct processes, and cumulative evidence in the two modalities sub-additively co-activated a single motor process during redundant detection.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings address long-standing questions about information integration and accumulation in multisensory conditions.


Based on the context: 'Multiple overlapping socioeconomic vulnerabilities are associated with an increased burden of HIV and progression to AIDS among Brazilian women.', the key idea: 'The study assesses the intersectional effectiveness of the Programa Bolsa Família conditional cash transfer on reducing AIDS incidence and AIDS-related mortality among low-income daughters and mothers.', the method: 'Using a quasi-experimental impact evaluation design, the authors analyze a cohort of 12.3 million low-income Brazilian women (2007–2015) to estimate rate ratios for AIDS incidence and AIDS-related mortality associated with participation in PBF, stratified by intersecting vulnerabilities.', and the outcome: 'PBF was associated with reductions in AIDS incidence and mortality: daughters had RR 0.53 (incidence) and RR 0.45 (mortality); mothers had RR 0.58 (incidence) and RR 0.57 (mortality), with stronger effects among those with one or two intersecting vulnerabilities, notably brown/Black and extremely low income (RR 0.47), and the greatest effect in extremely low-income, brown/Black mothers with higher education (RR 0.44).', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Conditional cash transfers could substantially reduce AIDS-related inequalities and help achieve AIDS-related Sustainable Development Goals, highlighting social protection’s role in addressing health inequalities.


Based on the context: 'Style is a major form of creative expression, yet prior work has focused on its social, political, and aesthetic significance rather than the cognitive and computational mechanisms underlying style perception.', the key idea: 'Style perception is characterized as a process that separates form from content, proposing that this capacity is grounded in psychological mechanisms that parse stylistic information independently of object identity.', the method: 'Ten experiments using classic psychophysical paradigms with both naturalistic images and synthetic stimuli, complemented by an object recognition model to capture human judgments of image similarity across different styles.', and the outcome: 'Experiments reveal perceptual tuning to stylistic information, representational constancy across stylistic variation, and mental rendering of novel styled objects; the object recognition model successfully captures human similarity judgments across styles.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The work illuminates the psychological foundations of style perception and enables further investigation of styled media using psychophysical and computational approaches.


Based on the context: 'Extinction learning suppresses fear responses and is central to understanding anxiety disorders, but it is unclear whether rodent findings on amygdala/hippocampal theta oscillations and context-dependent engrams apply to humans or how they relate to episodic memory mechanisms.', the key idea: 'The study investigates human extinction learning by combining intracranial EEG with representational similarity analysis, proposing that extinction relies on stable, context-specific memory traces coordinated across the extinction network and that amygdala theta oscillations signal safety rather than threat.', the method: 'Intracranial EEG recordings from epilepsy patients during fear and extinction learning were analyzed alongside representational similarity analysis to characterize cue- and context-specific memory traces and their coordination, including assessments of theta oscillations and predictive relationships tested in a subsequent period.', and the outcome: 'Amygdala theta oscillations during extinction signaled safety; extinction memory traces were stable, context-specific, and coordinated across the network; context specificity during extinction predicted reoccurrence of fear memory traces at test, and reoccurrence of extinction memory traces predicted safety responses; mutual competition of fear and extinction traces explains fear renewal and extinction retrieval.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings reveal neurophysiological mechanisms of human context-dependent extinction learning and suggest a mechanistic framework for clinically relevant phenomena such as fear renewal and extinction retrieval, with potential implications for understanding and treating anxiety disorders.


Based on the context: 'Prevailing accounts treat social learning strategies as fixed heuristics independent of experience, which cannot explain the observed flexibility and individual variability in whom people choose to learn from.', the key idea: 'A domain-general, feature-based reward learning framework is proposed that formalizes how individuals learn to associate social features (such as others’ behavior or success) with reward, providing a unifying mechanistic account of social learning strategies.', the method: 'Six experiments (n=1,941) measure adjustments in social learning in response to experienced rewards, complemented by agent-based simulations that examine how the learning process generates key social learning strategies across different environments.', and the outcome: 'People flexibly adjust their social learning based on experienced rewards, and simulations demonstrate that this learning mechanism produces canonical social learning strategies across diverse environments.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The framework suggests that individuals learn how to learn from others, enabling adaptive knowledge to spread dynamically and informing theories of cultural evolution.


Based on the context: 'Time spent on the job is a fundamental aspect of working conditions that influences many facets of individuals’ lives, motivating examination of how a 4-day workweek affects workers’ well-being.', the key idea: 'Evaluate an organization-wide, income-preserving 4-day workweek intervention, preceded by work reorganization to improve efficiency and collaboration, to assess impacts on worker well-being.', the method: 'Pre- and post-trial analysis of a 6-month intervention across 141 organizations in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the UK, and the USA with 2,896 employees, including 12 control companies; outcomes measured included burnout, job satisfaction, mental health, and physical health; correlations between company- and individual-level hours reductions and well-being gains were examined, along with mediation by work ability, sleep problems, and fatigue.', and the outcome: 'The intervention improved burnout, job satisfaction, mental health, and physical health, effects not seen in control companies; both company- and individual-level hours reductions correlated with well-being gains, with larger individual-level reductions associated with greater improvements; improved work ability, reduced sleep problems, and decreased fatigue mediated the gains.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings indicate income-preserving 4-day workweeks are an effective organizational intervention for enhancing workers’ well-being, suggesting a viable practice for employers and policymakers.


Based on the context: 'Predicting human decisions under risk and uncertainty is a longstanding challenge, with existing models struggling even in stylized lottery-choice tasks.', the key idea: 'A hybrid model, BEAST gradient boosting (BEAST-GB), integrates the behavioural theory BEAST with machine learning to improve prediction of risky choices.', the method: 'The model was evaluated via the CPC18 prediction competition and tested on two large datasets, with comparisons against neural networks and dozens of behavioural models, including assessments of generalization to unseen experimental contexts.', and the outcome: 'BEAST-GB won CPC18, predicted more accurately than neural networks and many behavioural models, generalized robustly across unseen contexts, surpassed direct empirical generalization, and helped refine the behavioural theory itself.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Anchoring machine learning in behavioural theory can enable more accurate and interpretable predictions in data-rich settings and improve understanding of human behaviour.


Based on the context: 'Occupational specialization is tied to gender, racial, and class identities, segmenting the labor market into perceived White/Black and male/female roles and skill sets.', the key idea: 'The study differentiates how segregation operates by showing that gender divisions align with required occupational skills, whereas racial divisions align with socio-economic status and historical inequalities within skill sets.', the method: 'A large-scale analysis of administrative data from 100 million formal Brazilian workers (2003–2019) across 426 occupations, identifying distinct skill demands and socio-economic statuses linked to race/skin colour and gender.', and the outcome: 'Women and men are segmented by gender-associated skill sets (e.g., engineering versus caregiving), while within these skill sets Black individuals are disproportionately concentrated in lower socio-economic status positions; these occupational specialization patterns remained stable despite recent socio-economic changes.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings highlight the need to address the strong association between race and lower-status occupations to foster a more inclusive society.


Based on the context: 'Persistent neural activity is known to support working memory when memorized items have equal importance, but how unattended items are encoded—often presumed to be ‘activity-silent’—is poorly understood.', the key idea: 'Unattended working memory items, like attended ones, are proposed to be encoded via persistent activity in human medial temporal lobe neurons, challenging the ‘activity-silent’ account.', the method: 'Neuronal recordings from image-selective medial temporal lobe cells in human subjects (n=12) during tasks requiring shifts of attention between concurrently stored items, with decoding analyses at single-trial and population levels.', and the outcome: 'Both attended and unattended items were encoded through persistent activity; a dynamic transformation in neuronal subspace emerged after cue presentation; unattended item information was decodable at the single-trial level from preselected image-selective cells but not from the entire medial temporal lobe population.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings support models of persistent activity in working memory and challenge the notion that unattended items rely on ‘activity-silent’ mechanisms.


Based on the context: 'Healthy diets have been associated with reduced dementia risk, motivating data-driven optimization of dietary interventions beyond a priori patterns.', the key idea: 'A machine learning-assisted approach constructs an optimized dietary pattern (MODERN diet) and a MODERN score to better capture foods linked to lower dementia risk.', the method: 'Using 185,012 UK Biobank participants over 10 years, the study conducted a food-wide association analysis to identify 25 food groups, ranked their importance with machine learning to prioritize eight, built and externally validated a 0–7 MODERN score, examined associations across 63 health outcomes, and explored pathways via multimodal neuroimaging, metabolomics, inflammation and proteomics.', and the outcome: 'The MODERN score showed stronger associations with lower dementia-related risk (HR highest vs lowest tertiles: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.43–0.93) than the MIND diet (0.75, 0.61–0.92), had notable associations with mental/behavioral disorders, and biomarker analyses revealed potential pathways.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The MODERN diet is proposed as a promising strategy for dementia prevention and may inform future mechanistic research and intervention trials.


Based on the context: 'Although large language models exhibit social–emotional abilities that could support human–AI interactions, it remains unclear whether empathy is perceived differently when attributed to AI versus humans.', the key idea: 'The study tests whether perceived empathy depends on the attributed source by labeling identical AI-generated empathic responses as coming from humans or AI, and examines preferences for human versus AI emotional engagement.', the method: 'Across nine studies (n=6,282), participants received AI-generated empathic responses to their emotional situations that were labeled as human- or AI-provided; the experiments varied response lengths, delays, iterations, and large language models, and measured perceived empathy, support, emotional reactions, and interaction choices.', and the outcome: 'Human-attributed responses were rated as more empathic and supportive and elicited more positive and fewer negative emotions than AI-attributed ones; participants’ belief that AI aided human-attributed responses reduced perceived empathy and support; effects replicated across manipulations and were primarily driven by responses emphasizing emotional sharing and care; participants consistently preferred human interaction for emotional engagement.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings advance understanding of empathy and human–AI empathic interactions, clarifying the unique value of human-attributed empathy.


Based on the context: 'There is widespread concern that consuming news on social media leaves people uninformed or misinformed.', the key idea: 'The study tests whether following news organizations on Instagram and WhatsApp improves knowledge, belief accuracy, and trust compared to following non-news accounts.', the method: 'A preregistered two-wave online field experiment in France and Germany (N=3,395) asked participants to follow two accounts for 2 weeks with notifications on; treatment participants followed news organization accounts and controls followed accounts on cooking, cinema or art, with outcomes measured across information and attitude domains.', and the outcome: 'Following news accounts increased current affairs knowledge, the ability to discern true from false news stories, awareness of true news stories, and trust in the news, with no significant effects on feelings of being informed, political efficacy, affective polarization, or interest in news or politics.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings indicate that certain forms of social media use are beneficial and can be leveraged to foster a well-informed society.


Based on the context: 'Strategic decision-making is a crucial part of human interaction, and previous datasets and theories have not captured the full complexity of initial play in two-player matrix games.', the key idea: 'Apply machine learning to predict human strategic choices and develop an interpretable behavioural model, using a deep neural network to capture systematic variation beyond leading theories.', the method: 'Analyze over 90,000 human decisions across more than 2,400 procedurally generated two-player matrix games; train a deep neural network on this dataset and modify it to build an interpretable model.', and the outcome: 'The deep neural network predicts human choices more accurately than leading theories and reveals systematic variation unexplained by existing models; the interpretable model shows that optimal responding and reasoning about others are highly context dependent and influenced by game complexity.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Demonstrates the potential of machine learning to generate new theoretical insights into complex human behaviours.


Based on the context: 'Co-offending—crimes committed by two or more individuals—is shaped by social processes like peer influence and group cohesion, and studying it elucidates how relationships affect criminal decision-making.', the key idea: 'A comprehensive synthesis quantifies co-offending by providing pooled estimates of prevalence and group size and examines variations by crime type, age, and gender using a Bayesian meta-analytic framework.', the method: 'A preregistered systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis aggregated data from 110 studies across 17 countries, analyzing prevalence of co-offences, prevalence of co-offenders, and average group size with large samples of offences and offenders, and comparing subgroups by offence type, age, and sex.', and the outcome: 'Pooled prevalence of co-offences was 0.29 (95% CrI 0.22–0.35), prevalence of co-offenders was 0.50 (95% CrI 0.43–0.56), and average group size was 2.73 (95% CrI 2.63–2.84); property crimes had higher prevalence of co-offending than violent crimes, violent offences involved larger groups, youth co-offended more and in larger groups than adults, and males formed larger groups with no notable sex differences in co-offender prevalence.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings highlight challenges due to heterogeneous reporting and underscore the need for standardized measures, offering benchmarks to guide future research and policy on the social dynamics of crime.


Based on the context: 'People not only form social networks, they construct mental maps of them, motivating examination of the accuracy and biases in these cognitive representations.', the key idea: 'A new sampling strategy is introduced to evaluate social network cognition at scale by comparing observers’ beliefs about ties to systematically mapped village networks, including genetic relatedness in a subset of villages.', the method: 'Data were collected from 10,072 adults across 82 Honduran villages to elicit judgments of social ties and map the underlying village networks; in 17 villages, genetic relatedness of 1,333 residents was discerned, and an experimental information introduction to peers assessed information access among respondents.', and the outcome: 'Observers overestimated social interactions among kin and were 33.38 percentage points more accurate for non-kin ties (95% CI: 31.27–35.49); accuracy was higher among popular, middle-aged, and educated observers, lower across different religions or wealth, and villages cultivating coffee showed greater bias toward seeing networks as connected. More accurate respondents had better access to experimentally introduced information, and overall people inflated the number of connections in their networks.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings indicate that biases and accuracy in network cognition have implications for how people affect and are affected by the social world.


Based on the context: 'Humans solve complex multistage decision problems using hierarchical and counterfactual strategies, but the computational constraints underlying these strategies are not well understood.', the key idea: 'The study proposes that hierarchical, counterfactual, and postdictive strategies are computationally rational adaptations to specific cognitive constraints and that these strategies lie along a continuum.', the method: 'A task was designed to reliably engage hierarchical and counterfactual strategies, followed by hypothesis-driven human experiments to identify constraints, and training recurrent neural networks under systematically varied limitations to test for human-like behavior.', and the outcome: 'Three constraints were identified—a parallel-processing bottleneck that promotes hierarchical analysis, a compensatory but capacity-limited counterfactual process, and working-memory noise that reduces counterfactual fidelity—and only recurrent neural networks subjected to all three reproduced human-like behavior; further analysis showed these strategies form a continuum of rational adaptations.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings suggest a unifying framework in which human decision strategies emerge from shared computational limitations, enhancing understanding of cognitive flexibility and efficiency.


Based on the context: 'Individual sensitivity to environmental exposures may be genetically influenced, yet variants underlying genotype-by-environment interplay are hard to detect and population-based methods can suffer from systemic biases.', the key idea: 'Use genome-wide association studies of monozygotic twin differences via family-based variance analyses as an alternative, more robust approach to study the genetic architecture of environmental sensitivity in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental phenotypes.', the method: 'Combined data from 21,792 monozygotic twins (10,896 pairs) across 11 studies and conducted GWAS meta-analyses of twin phenotypic differences in children, adolescents, and adults for seven traits (ADHD symptoms, autistic traits, anxiety/depression symptoms, psychotic-like experiences, neuroticism, wellbeing), using family-based variance analyses.', and the outcome: 'Estimated SNP-based proportions of phenotypic variance (h2 = 0–18%) with imprecision, and identified 13 genome-wide significant associations including genes related to stress reactivity for depression, growth factors for autistic traits, and catecholamine uptake for psychotic-like experiences; the study is the largest genetic analysis of monozygotic twins to date, with limited statistical power in some analyses.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Demonstrates an alternative method for investigating environmental sensitivity genetics and calls for better-powered future studies.


Based on the context: 'Human amygdala and hippocampus neurons are classically thought to encode person identity invariant to visual features, yet how visual information from higher visual cortical areas is transformed into a semantic person representation remains largely unknown.', the key idea: 'The study demonstrates a region-based feature code for faces, where single neurons encode faces based on shared visual features rather than associations of known concepts, contrary to prevailing views.', the method: 'Across four experiments, single-neuron recordings were obtained from 3,581 neurons in 19 neurosurgical patients over 111 sessions, analyzing feature-based responses and using receptive fields to predict responses to new face stimuli.', and the outcome: 'Feature neurons encoded groups of faces irrespective of identity, broad semantic categories, or familiarity, and the neurons’ receptive fields predicted their responses to novel face stimuli, supporting feature-based encoding in the human amygdala and hippocampus.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Discovering neurons that bridge perception-driven facial feature representations with mnemonic semantic representations may form the basis for declarative memory.


Based on the context: 'Primate vision exhibits topographic organization, but standard convolutional neural networks learn identical features across space and lack topography, limiting their ability to model cortical maps and related behaviours.', the key idea: 'The study introduces all-topographic neural networks (All-TNNs) as end-to-end models that naturally develop primate-like topographic maps and can capture spatially structured processing while operating efficiently.', the method: 'Researchers designed and trained All-TNNs, analyzed their learned orientation and category selectivity maps and energy usage, and validated them against human behaviour using a newly collected dataset of spatial biases in object recognition, comparing performance to control models.', and the outcome: 'All-TNNs developed smooth orientation and category selectivity maps, showed enhanced processing of task-relevant regions, operated on a low energy budget, and significantly outperformed control models in predicting human spatial biases in object recognition.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

All-TNNs are proposed as a promising framework for modelling primate visual topography and elucidating its role in downstream human visual behaviour.


Based on the context: 'Prior evidence on the development of scene viewing is limited and has suggested that viewing behavior may be adult-like by around eight years old.', the key idea: 'The study proposes that gaze behavior develops protractedly, with adult-like spatial and semantic viewing biases emerging gradually over up to two decades, challenging earlier assumptions of early maturation.', the method: 'Eye movements from 6,720 participants aged 5 to 72 were recorded while freely viewing 40 natural scenes, including a large-scale museum setting, to analyze semantic salience, oculomotor biases, exploration tendencies, and fixation patterns across age.', and the outcome: 'Semantic salience for social features changes until adolescence; text salience increases across the first two decades; oculomotor center and horizontal biases develop until adolescence; exploration increases while fixation patterns become less idiosyncratic and more canonical through adolescence.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings suggest that developmental trajectories are crucial for understanding the general mechanisms of active vision.


Based on the context: 'Beliefs underpin human cognition and decision-making, yet research on how beliefs interrelate has been limited to issue-specific studies and has relied heavily on surveys, lacking a model that encapsulates beliefs and their interrelationships.', the key idea: 'Leverage online user debate data to map thousands of beliefs into a semantic embedding space constructed with a fine-tuned large language model, capturing nuanced relationships, interconnectedness, and polarization among diverse beliefs.', the method: 'Fine-tune a large language model on debate data to build neural belief embeddings, map individual positions within this space, and use distances to analyze relationships, predict new beliefs, and estimate cognitive dissonance.', and the outcome: 'The constructed belief space captures interconnectedness and polarization across social issues; positions within the space predict individuals’ new beliefs and allow estimation of cognitive dissonance from distances between existing and new beliefs.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Shows that LLM-based belief embeddings combined with online records can yield insights into fundamental principles of belief formation, suggesting a scalable alternative to survey-based approaches for studying belief interplay.


Based on the context: 'The necessity of multisensory grounding for complex concept formation is debated, and recent large language models challenge whether language alone can yield human-like conceptual representations.', the key idea: 'Assess whether ungrounded LLMs recover human-like features by comparing their conceptual representations to human norms across non-sensorimotor, sensory, and motor domains, and test whether visual learning improves alignment.', the method: 'Compared multidimensional representations of approximately 4,442 lexical concepts from the Glasgow Norms (N=829) and the Lancaster Norms (N=3,500) with state-of-the-art LLMs with and without visual learning, evaluating similarity across domain types.', and the outcome: 'Similarity between model and human representations decreases from non-sensorimotor to sensory domains and is minimal in motor domains; models with visual learning show enhanced similarity in visual-related dimensions.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings highlight limitations of language-only training and suggest that integrating diverse modalities can better align LLM conceptual representations with human cognition.


Based on the context: 'Social media offers direct channels for science communication, but only a subset of academics engage, potentially shaping public perceptions through their topics and tone.', the key idea: 'The study systematically characterizes academics’ politically salient expression on Twitter by linking nearly 100,000 scholars’ tweets to their academic records and comparing their communication with broader Twitter populations.', the method: 'An observational analysis of an international dataset of nearly 100,000 academics links Twitter content to academic records and examines politically salient topics (climate action, cultural and economic concepts), including comparisons with the US Twitter population.', and the outcome: 'The study finds large, systematic variation in political expression; US academics often diverge from the US Twitter population in topic focus and style; academics are not necessarily more extreme in beliefs; strong progressive stances on climate and social issues are driven by a small, vocal subset, highlighting potential gaps between academic voices and public discourse.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Future work should examine the implications for public trust and the reasons why academics express themselves politically on social media.


Based on the context: 'Political animosity is rising and threatens democracy, and while intergroup contact and mutually beneficial cooperation are known to reduce animosity, it is unclear whether this can be achieved in anonymous online contexts.', the key idea: 'A cooperative online quiz game (Tango) pairs Republicans and Democrats to engage in real-time, mutually beneficial cooperation to reduce outparty animosity.', the method: 'Five randomized controlled experiments (N=4,493; four preregistered) had participants play about an hour with an outparty partner in an online quiz game while communicating in real time, measuring negative partisanship, warmth, economic allocations, meta-perceptions, and democracy-related attitudes with follow-ups up to four months.', and the outcome: 'Gameplay with an outparty partner reduced negative partisanship; increased warmth, more equitable economic allocations, and more favorable outparty meta-perceptions persisted up to four months; democracy-related attitudes improved with effects persisting for one week; the game received high enjoyability ratings.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

High enjoyability may increase motivation to engage with this intervention.


Based on the context: 'Human habit formation is commonly studied via learning arbitrary stimulus–response associations, with habitualness assessed by withholding responses or generating different responses; prior studies using these methods have yielded conflicting findings.', the key idea: 'The discrepancy in findings is proposed to stem from the fact that the two methods target distinct forms of habit linked to different components of action control: response initiation versus response preparation.', the method: 'A series of experiments with a total sample size of 215 participants, complemented by computational modeling, compare tasks that probe response initiation and response preparation to assess their dissociability.', and the outcome: 'The studies demonstrate that the two approaches indeed measure dissociable forms of habit, showing that behavior can become habitual in multiple, qualitatively different ways.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The results imply important avenues for improving strategies to promote or eliminate habits by targeting specific components of action control.


Based on the context: 'Inhibitory control is critical for daily functioning and psychiatric disorders, yet the widely used congruency effect has low reliability, limiting its utility in clinical and basic research.', the key idea: 'The study investigates whether precise individual estimates of the congruency effect can be obtained, proposing that extensive within-person sampling is necessary to achieve reliable measures.', the method: 'More than 5,000 trials were collected from nine participants across four inhibitory control tasks, and a combination of datasets and simulations was used to assess reliability; the dataset is made publicly available.', and the outcome: 'Precise individual estimates of the congruency effect are achievable but require substantially more trials than typical, with over 1,000 trials per participant needed to reduce within-participant variability and improve reliability; extensive sampling reveals true individual differences and improves observations from alternative modeling approaches.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The publicly shared dataset is intended to help researchers understand sources of variation in inhibitory control and to advance research in this field.


Based on the context: 'Autism spectrum disorder is clinically heterogeneous, with ongoing debates about phenotypic differences between boys and girls; identifying such differences at first symptom onset is considered critical for early detection, aetiological insights, and intervention improvement.', the key idea: 'A large-scale, early-age, multi-method assessment examines sex differences in toddlers with ASD, developmental delay, and typical development across standardized and experimental measures to determine whether sex differences are present at first symptom onset.', the method: 'Using the Get SET Early programme, the study analyzed 2,618 toddlers (mean age ~27 months) via cross-sectional, longitudinal, and clustering analyses employing statistical and machine learning approaches across groups, with measures including the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Mullen Scales of Early Learning, and the GeoPref eye-tracking test.', and the outcome: 'There were no significant sex differences in toddlers with ASD across 17 of 18 measures, including symptom severity, receptive and expressive language, and social attention; in contrast, typically developing girls outperformed boys on several measures, and subtyping into low, medium, and high clusters similarly showed virtually no sex differences in ASD.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings indicate early ASD phenotypes may be largely sex-invariant, which could inform early detection efforts, guide aetiological research, and improve intervention strategies.


Based on the context: 'Understanding gene–environment interaction in complex traits is crucial, but existing statistical methods for GxE inference struggle with scalability and interpretability.', the key idea: 'PIGEON is a unified variance component framework for quantifying polygenic GxE that enables summary statistics–based estimation and clarifies objectives for GxE studies.', the method: 'The study develops a variance component analytical approach that uses only summary statistics and validates it through theoretical analysis and empirical applications, including a quasi-experimental gene-by-education study, gene-by-sex interaction analyses for 530 traits in UK Biobank, and a clinical trial on smoking cessation.', and the outcome: 'PIGEON was demonstrated to be effective in estimating polygenic GxE, successfully analyzing gene-by-education effects on health outcomes, quantifying gene-by-sex interactions across 530 UK Biobank traits, and identifying genetic interactors explaining treatment effect heterogeneity in a smoking cessation trial.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The framework provides a path toward scalable, interpretable, polygenic GxE inference using summary statistics, guiding future genome-wide interaction studies.


Based on the context: 'Equitable access to economic, social, and environmental infrastructure is vital for sustainable development, yet there are knowledge gaps in measuring infrastructure accessibility and inequality and in understanding their associations with human health.', the key idea: 'A comprehensive global assessment quantifies infrastructure access and inequality across economic, social, and environmental domains and examines their links to health outcomes across 166 countries.', the method: 'The study generates gridded maps of infrastructure distribution and uses population-weighted exposure models and mixed-effects regressions to analyze access disparities and their health implications across 166 countries.', and the outcome: 'Global South countries have only 50–80% of the infrastructure access of Global North countries and 9–44% higher inequality; both access and inequality are associated with health outcomes, with the strongest relationships observed for economic infrastructure.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings underscore the need for informed, equitable infrastructure development to reduce disparities and promote human well-being.


Based on the context: 'Early work shows that large language models can generate persuasive content, but evidence on whether they can personalize arguments to individual attributes is limited and crucial for assessing misuse.', the key idea: 'Evaluate GPT-4’s conversational persuasiveness with personalization by giving it access to basic sociodemographic data, comparing it to human opponents across topics with varying opinion strength.', the method: 'A preregistered controlled experiment with short multiround debates randomly assigned participants to 12 conditions in a 2×2×3 design varying opponent (human vs. GPT-4), access to participant sociodemographic data (with vs. without), and topic opinion strength (low, medium, high).', and the outcome: 'In pairs where AI and humans were not equally persuasive, GPT-4 with personalization was more persuasive 64.4% of the time and had an 81.2% relative increase in odds of higher post-debate agreement (95% CI [+26.0%, +160.7%], P<0.01; N=900).', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings highlight the power of LLM-based persuasion and suggest implications for the governance and design of online platforms.


Based on the context: 'Social comparison is frequently used as a behaviour change technique, and research on it has increased substantially across domains such as health, performance, service and the environment.', the key idea: 'A comprehensive random-effects meta-analysis quantifies the effectiveness of social comparison as a behaviour change technique across multiple behavioural domains and examines moderators like session number and emphasis on desired behaviours.', the method: 'The study conducted a PROSPERO-registered (CRD42022343154) random-effects meta-analysis of 79 randomized controlled trials (N=1,356,521) identified from MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science up to January 2024, comparing SC-BCTs to passive and active controls, assessing short-term (mean 3.7 months) and long-term (mean 6.2 months) effects, moderator influences, and GRADE certainty.', and the outcome: 'SC-BCTs produced small but significant effects in the short term versus passive controls (Hedges’ g=0.17; 95% CI 0.11–0.23; k=37; P<0.001) and active controls (g=0.23; 95% CI 0.15–0.31; k=42; P<0.001); more sessions and focusing on desired (vs undesired) behaviours were associated with larger effects; moderation emerged in few analyses; significant small long-term effects were also observed, with certainty of evidence ranging from low to moderate.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Given low cost and scalability (e.g., sending one or two emails), small effects may have practical value, and the authors call for more high-quality research and further testing of moderators.


Based on the context: 'Human attachment theory posits organized types (secure, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant) as adaptive, while disorganized attachment is hypothesized to be maladaptive and rare in wild mammals, a claim that had not been empirically tested in the wild.', the key idea: 'Evaluate the presence of organized versus disorganized attachment in wild Western chimpanzee offspring to test human attachment theory's predictions in a nonhuman primate context.', the method: 'Naturalistic observational study of 50 wild chimpanzees (ages 0–10) with 3,795 hours of mother–offspring focal observations, plus analysis of a subset of 18 immature chimpanzees' responses to 309 natural threatening events to classify attachment-like behaviors.', and the outcome: 'No behaviors indicative of disorganized attachment were observed; offspring exhibited organized attachment patterns during threats, including secure-like (seeking maternal closeness) and insecure avoidant-like (displaying independence) responses.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings support the view that organized attachment types are adaptive and have a long evolutionary history, informing attachment theory across species.


Based on the context: 'Chronic pain is multifactorial and poses diagnostic and prognostic challenges, creating a critical need for biomarkers to classify and predict chronic pain.', the key idea: 'Integrating multidimensional biological biomarkers with psychosocial factors can improve prediction of chronic pain conditions compared to biological markers alone.', the method: 'A multidataset machine learning analysis of over 523,000 UK Biobank participants used blood immunoassays, brain and bone imaging, and genetics to predict 35 pain-associated medical conditions and self-reported chronic pain. Performance was evaluated alone and in combination with psychosocial factors using area under the curve (AUC).', and the outcome: 'Biological biomarkers alone predicted medical conditions associated with chronic pain with AUC 0.62–0.87 but were less effective for self-reported pain (AUC 0.50–0.62); combining biomarkers with psychosocial factors improved accuracy for both medical conditions (AUC 0.69–0.91) and self-reported pain (AUC 0.71–0.92).', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Adopting a holistic biomarker development approach that integrates biological and psychosocial factors is expected to enhance clinical utility for diagnosing and predicting chronic pain.


Based on the context: 'Large language models are increasingly deployed in settings where they interact with humans and other agents, motivating the need to understand their cooperation and coordination behavior.', the key idea: 'Behavioral game theory is applied to evaluate LLMs’ social behavior in finitely repeated 2×2 games, and a 'social chain-of-thought' strategy with opponent information is proposed to modulate GPT-4’s behavior.', the method: 'Different LLMs play finitely repeated 2×2 games against each other, with human-like strategies, and with actual human players; robustness checks are conducted and GPT-4 is provided opponent information and a social chain-of-thought strategy.', and the outcome: 'LLMs perform well in self-interested games such as the iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma, but struggle in coordination games like the Battle of the Sexes; these behavioral signatures are stable under robustness checks, and GPT-4 achieves better scores and coordination with humans when given opponent information and social reasoning prompts.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings enrich understanding of LLMs’ social behavior and pave the way for a behavioral game theory for machines.


Based on the context: 'Age at onset of walking is an important early childhood milestone used clinically and in public health screening.', the key idea: 'A large genome-wide association meta-analysis characterizes the genetic architecture of age at onset of walking, identifying loci, estimating SNP heritability, and developing predictive polygenic scores while examining genetic correlations with neurodevelopmental and brain phenotypes.', the method: 'Meta-analysis of GWAS in 70,560 European-ancestry infants, estimation of SNP-based heritability and polygenicity, eQTL co-localization (including RBL2 in brain), genetic correlation analyses with ADHD, body-mass index, and brain gyrification, construction and out-of-sample testing of a polygenic score with sib-pair validation, and assessment of associations with neonatal brain structures involved in motor control.', and the outcome: 'Eleven independent genome-wide significant loci were identified; SNP-based heritability was 24.13% with ~11,900 variants accounting for ~90% (high polygenicity); one locus in RBL2 co-localized with a brain eQTL; age at onset of walking was negatively genetically correlated with ADHD and BMI and positively correlated with brain gyrification; the polygenic score predicted 3–5.6% out-of-sample, was largely due to direct effects in sib-pair analyses, and was associated with neonatal motor-control brain volumes.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

This study offers biological insights into a key behavioural marker of neurodevelopment.


Based on the context: 'Prior research in high-income countries links physical punishment to negative outcomes, but whether these findings generalize to children in low- and middle-income countries remains largely unknown.', the key idea: 'A pre-registered, comprehensive systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis assesses the associations between childhood physical punishment and individual outcomes specifically in low- and middle-income countries.', the method: 'The study searched 11 databases in six languages (2021 and 2024), identifying 5,072 records and including 189 studies with 1,490 effect sizes from 92 LMICs; random-effects multilevel meta-analyses and sensitivity checks were conducted.', and the outcome: 'Physical punishment was associated with detrimental outcomes across domains (mental health, parent–child relationships, substance use, social–emotional development, academics, and externalizing behavior), with all subgroup estimates consistent in direction and findings specific to physical punishment and psychological aggression rather than non-violent discipline.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Further research is needed to inform the design, implementation, and evaluation of policies and interventions to prevent physical punishment of children and adolescents worldwide.


Based on the context: 'Prevailing happiness research posits bidirectional determination from top-down global life satisfaction and bottom-up domain satisfaction, often using aggregated population-level models.', the key idea: 'A personalized happiness perspective is proposed, asserting that determinants and consequences of happiness are idiographic and differ across individuals rather than being universal.', the method: 'Associations between life satisfaction and domain satisfactions were tested at both population and personalized levels using nationally representative longitudinal data from 40,074 German, British, Swiss, Dutch, and Australian participants tracked for up to 33 years.', and the outcome: 'Most participants (41.4–50.8%) showed primarily unidirectional associations between domain and life satisfaction, while only 19.3–25.9% showed primarily bidirectional associations; population models differed from personalized models, indicating aggregated research misses individual differences, and both circumstances and outlook influence happiness with varying contributions across people.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The study underscores the importance of personalized approaches and highlights the need for future work and innovative methods to distinguish individual-level patterns from random error in studying personalized happiness.


Based on the context: 'Individuals with congenital deafness who receive gene therapy can experience hearing recovery and speech development, but how hearing-related cortex changes after gene therapy is unclear.', the key idea: 'The study provides preliminary evidence that gene therapy in children with autosomal recessive deafness 9 enhances auditory cortex activation and mental development, assessed via neuroimaging and electrophysiology over time.', the method: 'Neural processing was examined in ten patients using functional near-infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography across a six-month follow-up, including responses to music and speech and measures of resting-state beta power and mismatch negativity at baseline (T0) and later time points (T2, T3).', and the outcome: 'Auditory cortex activation increased, particularly in the Sylvian parietotemporal area during music, and in the right anterior temporal lobe and left Sylvian parietotemporal area during speech; resting-state EEG beta power and mismatch negativity amplitudes were significantly higher at T2 and T3 than at T0; mental developmental levels also increased after gene therapy.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Findings illuminate neural and cognitive effects of gene therapy and support its potential effectiveness in promoting auditory and mental development in children with congenital deafness.


Based on the context: 'Financial well-being is a multidimensional outcome of interest, and there is a need to understand how it relates to sociodemographic and early-life factors across different countries.', the key idea: 'The study jointly examines demographic correlates and recalled early-life conditions of adult financial well-being across 22 countries using a large, nationally representative dataset and four dimensions of financial well-being.', the method: 'Using data from 202,898 participants in the Global Flourishing Study, the authors conduct cross-national correlational analyses between financial well-being and demographic variables (age, gender, marital status, employment, education, religious service attendance, immigration status) as well as recalled early-life conditions (parental marital status, childhood health).', and the outcome: 'There are cross-national differences in both the levels of financial well-being and its demographic correlates; early-life conditions are consistently associated with adult financial well-being, though the strength of these associations varies substantially across countries.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The results suggest that comprehensive understanding of financial well-being should incorporate both current sociodemographic factors and early-life experiences within the cultural and socioeconomic contexts of different populations.


Based on the context: 'COVID-19 lockdowns raised concerns about adverse birth and pregnancy outcomes and related inequalities in high-income countries, motivating a comprehensive synthesis of evidence.', the key idea: 'A systematic review and meta-analysis compares ABPO rates before versus during lockdowns in high-income countries, with adjustments for temporal trends and subgroup analyses by region, lockdown period, ethnicity, and deprivation.', the method: 'Databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science) were searched from January 1, 2019 to June 22, 2023 for observational studies; risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle–Ottawa tool; random-effects meta-analyses and subgroup analyses were conducted with adjustments for underlying temporal trends.', and the outcome: 'From 132 studies across 28 high-income countries, the first lockdown was associated with reduced preterm birth (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93–0.99; 0.97, 0.95–0.99 in trend-adjusted studies, varying by region) and increased positive screening rates for possible antenatal depression (RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.06–1.78), with no other ABPOs showing associations.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Investigation of inequalities was limited due to data availability and heterogeneity, indicating the need for further research on the effects of lockdowns on health inequalities.


Based on the context: 'The rising prevalence of stress has created demand for effective, self-administered mobile mental health interventions, but their efficacy and accessibility remain unclear.', the key idea: 'A three-dimensional framework integrating theoretical foundation, human support, and mobile technology was developed using expert insights and large language models to classify mobile stress interventions and compare their efficacy and moderators.', the method: 'A systematic review of randomized controlled trials across multiple databases identified 63 studies with 20,454 participants; intervention labels were coded by authors and ChatGPT, study quality was assessed with Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0, and Bayesian network meta-analysis with meta-regression evaluated comparative efficacy and moderators.', and the outcome: 'Nineteen mobile stress interventions were classified and compared, with stress management programmes, problem-solving therapy, and mindfulness meditation ranking highest; there was no conclusive evidence that human support or mobile technology enhanced outcomes, and findings were limited by sex imbalance, quality risk, and limited meta-regression power.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The results provide guidance for designing more effective and scalable mobile stress interventions and suggest strategies to reduce health service disparities and support progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals.


Based on the context: 'Climate change often appears as a slow, gradual shift in daily weather, leading to perceptions of minor impact and apathy (the 'boiling frog' effect), creating a challenge in conveying urgency.', the key idea: 'Using binary climate data visuals (e.g., lake freeze history) instead of continuous measures (e.g., mean temperature) increases perceived impact by creating an impression of sudden shifts while reflecting equivalent trends.', the method: 'A series of large-scale cognitive experiments (N=799) comparing perceptions from binary versus continuous climate datasets, supplemented by computational modeling and follow-up experiments (N=398) to examine the underlying mechanism.', and the outcome: 'Binary data presentations significantly increased perceived impact of climate change (Cohen’s d=0.40, 95% CI 0.26–0.54), with modeling and follow-up suggesting the effect arises from an 'illusion' of sudden shifts, replicated across multiple experiments.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Offers a psychologically grounded, scientifically accurate approach for policymakers and educators to improve climate change communication.


Based on the context: 'Scientific research is often characterized by schools of thought and disagreements, typically attributed to different methods or conflicting data.', the key idea: 'Scientific divisions may be associated with differences in researchers’ cognitive traits (e.g., tolerance for ambiguity), which could influence problem selection, approaches, and conclusions.', the method: 'A survey of 7,973 researchers in psychological sciences examined links between their research topics, stances on open questions, cognitive traits and dispositions, and analyzed publication histories for corresponding associations.', and the outcome: 'Researchers’ stances on scientific questions were associated with what they research and with their cognitive traits, and these associations were detectable in their publication histories; the findings support that divisions reflect differences in the researchers themselves.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The results suggest that some scientific divisions may be harder to bridge than implied by a traditional view of data-driven consensus, indicating that disagreements are not solely due to methods or data.


Based on the context: 'Early childhood is crucial for brain functional development, and while functional connectivity has been characterized in infants, comprehensive insights into spatiotemporal maturation from birth to early childhood are lacking.', the key idea: 'The study proposes developmental charts of functional connectivity within and between canonical brain networks to map early brain functional maturation and relate individual deviations to cognitive abilities.', the method: 'The researchers aggregated and harmonized 1,091 resting-state fMRI scans of typically developing children from birth to 6 years across five cohorts, corrected cohort and imaging-state biases, delineated connectivity charts, and assessed associations between deviations and cognitive measures, focusing on primary, default, control, and attention networks.', and the outcome: 'The charts revealed potential neurodevelopmental milestones and complex patterns of functional integration, competition, and transitions; individual deviations from normative charts were significantly associated with infant cognitive abilities, with connections involving primary, default, control, and attention networks being key predictors.', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

Functional connectivity-derived brain charts may serve as an effective tool to monitor normative functional development in early childhood.


Based on the context: 'Emotion regulation is central to mental health, but its effects vary across cultures; prior literature has often emphasized a Western–Eastern or individualism–collectivism dichotomy.', the key idea: 'This work expands cross-cultural understanding by synthesizing links between cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression with psychopathology and positive functioning, and by testing cultural and demographic moderators beyond simple dichotomies.', the method: 'A systematic review and meta-analysis of 249 articles (n=150,474; 861 effect sizes) from 37 countries/regions identified through CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE (PROSPERO: CRD42021258190), using multimodel inference to examine Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, EIRDness, and sample demographics as moderators.', and the outcome: 'Greater reappraisal propensity was more adaptive in more short-term-oriented, uncertainty-tolerant, and competition-driven cultures, whereas greater suppression propensity was more maladaptive in more indulgent and competition-driven cultures; reappraisal was more adaptive in samples with more female (B = −0.19, 95% CI −0.29 to −0.09) and more racial minority participants (B = −0.32, 95% CI −0.51 to −0.13), and suppression was more maladaptive in younger samples (B = −0.004, 95% CI −0.005 to −0.002).', suggest the projected impact for this research. Output only the impact without explanation.

The findings elucidate cultural contingencies in emotion regulation’s links to mental health and suggest incorporating cultural characteristics into future research on ER and psychological adjustment.