Not too long do read: Evaluating LLM-generated extreme scientific summaries
Paper • 2512.23206 • Published
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source_doi stringlengths 13 57 | source_mag_paper_id int64 490k 157M | source_abstract stringlengths 8 10.7k | target_doi stringlengths 14 27 | target_summary stringlengths 42 889 |
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10.1073/pnas.91.7.2757 | 107,202,074 | The origin and taxonomic status of domesticated cattle are controversial. Zebu and taurine breeds are differentiated primarily by the presence or absence of a hump and have been recognized as separate species (Bos indicus and Bos taurus). However, the most widely held view is that both types of cattle derive from a sin... | 10.1038/35052563 | A demonstration that cattle have been domesticated from two distinct subspecies and that many breeds of African cattle are hybrids between the two owing to male-derived gene flow. |
10.1093/genetics/154.4.1785 | 83,366,887 | Abstract The domestic pig originates from the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa). We have sequenced mitochondrial DNA and nuclear genes from wild and domestic pigs from Asia and Europe. Clear evidence was obtained for domestication to have occurred independently from wild boar subspecies in Europe and Asia. The time since... | 10.1038/35052563 | Evidence is presented for independent domestication of Wild Boar subspecies in Europe and Asia. |
10.1073/pnas.96.16.9252 | 122,095,374 | We previously mapped a quantitative trait locus (QTL) affecting milk production to bovine chromosome 14. To refine the map position of this QTL, we have increased the density of the genetic map of BTA14q11–16 by addition of nine microsatellites and three single nucleotide polymorphisms. Fine-mapping of the QTL was acco... | 10.1038/35052563 | This paper shows how the identity-by-descent approach can be applied to high-resolution mapping of quantitative trait loci in farm animals by using extensive pedigree information. |
10.1101/gr.10.2.220 | 100,831,446 | A genome-wide linkage disequilibrium (LD) map was generated using microsatellite genotypes (284 autosomal microsatellite loci) of 581 gametes sampled from the dutch black-and-white dairy cattle population. LD was measured between all marker pairs, both syntenic and nonsyntenic. Analysis of syntenic pairs revealed surpr... | 10.1038/35052563 | The pattern of linkage disequilibrium (LD) across the genome in dairy cattle is evaluated. The strong LD detected holds promise that LD mapping will be a powerful strategy for mapping quantitative trait loci in farm animals. |
10.1126/science.8134840 | 17,452,622 | The European wild boar was crossed with the domesticated Large White pig to genetically dissect phenotypic differences between these populations for growth and fat deposition. The most important effects were clustered on chromosome 4, with a single region accounting for a large part of the breed difference in growth ra... | 10.1038/35052563 | The first paper to show the use of divergent intercrosses for mapping quantitative trait loci in outbred populations. |
10.1126/science.288.5469.1248 | 82,411,367 | A high proportion of purebred Hampshire pigs carries the dominant RN − mutation, which causes high glycogen content in skeletal muscle. The mutation has beneficial effects on meat content but detrimental effects on processing yield. Here, it is shown that the mutation is a nonconservative substitution (R200Q) in the PR... | 10.1038/35052563 | The first positional cloning of a trait locus in a farm animal. Linkage mapping, linkage disequilibrium mapping, radiation hybrid mapping, construction of a BAC contig, BAC sequencing and bioinformatic analysis eventually resulted in the identification of the causative missense mutation. |
10.1126/science.1862346 | 62,290,298 | Malignant hyperthermia (MH) causes neurological, liver, and kidney damage and death in humans and major economic losses in the swine industry. A single point mutation in the porcine gene for the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor ( ryr1 ) was found to be correlated with MH in five major breeds of lean, heavily muscled ... | 10.1038/35052563 | The first molecular description of a major trait locus in farm animals. |
10.1083/jcb.153.2.397 | 58,551,536 | The correct positioning of the nucleus is often important in defining the spatial organization of the cell, for example, in determining the cell division plane. In interphase Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells, the nucleus is positioned in the middle of the cylindrical cell in an active microtubule (MT)-dependent process.... | 10.1038/35089520 | Using live imaging and computer simulation these authors have shown that the interphase nucleus can be maintained in the centre of the cell by a balance between pushing forces generating by microtubules. |
10.1101/gad.14.6.690 | 131,922,988 | E2F is a family of transcription factors that regulate both cellular proliferation and differentiation. To establish the role of E2F3 in vivo, we generated an E2f3 mutant mouse strain. E2F3-deficient mice arise at one-quarter of the expected frequency, demonstrating that E2F3 is important for normal development. To det... | 10.1038/35096061 | Disruption of mouse E2f3 , but not E2f1 , reduces transcription of E2f-responsive genes and retards entry into S phase. |
10.1073/pnas.171217498 | 2,697,763 | Establishment of cell lines from primary mouse embryo fibroblasts depends on loss of either the Arf tumor suppressor or its downstream target, the p53 transcription factor. Mouse p19 Arf is encoded by the Ink4a-Arf locus, which also specifies a second tumor suppressor protein, the cyclin D-dependent kinase inhibitor p1... | 10.1038/35096061 | Like MEFs, mouse bone-marrow-derived pre-B cells that lack Arf are immortal, whereas bone-marrow-derived macrophages must also silence the Ink4a gene to become established as continuously growing cell lines. |
10.1101/gad.859201 | 18,000,382 | Telomere shortening is the mechanism underlying replicative aging in fibroblasts. A variety of reports now claim that inactivation of the p16 INK4a /pRB pathway is required in addition to telomere maintenance for the immortalization of cells such as skin keratinocytes and breast epithelial cells. We here show that the ... | 10.1038/35096061 | Growing primary human keratinocytes and mammary epithelial cells over feeder layers in defined medium can prevent induction of p16 Ink4a and enable their immortalization by introducing the telomerase catalytic subunit. |
10.1073/pnas.97.7.3266 | 2,550,721 | p19ARF has been implicated as a key regulator of p53 stability and activation. While numerous stresses activate the p53 growth arrest pathway, those requiring p19ARF remain to be elucidated. We used p19ARF knockout mouse embryo fibroblasts to show that DNA damage and microtubule disruption require p19ARF to induce p53 ... | 10.1038/35096061 | DNA damage activates p53 through both Arf -independent and Arf -dependent signalling pathways, so Arf loss affects the durability of the DNA-damage response. |
10.1101/gad.893201 | 58,557,849 | In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Pds1 is an anaphase inhibitor and plays an essential role in DNA damage and spindle checkpoint pathways. Pds1 is phosphorylated in response to DNA damage but not spindle disruption, indicating distinct mechanisms delaying anaphase entry. Phosphorylation of Pds1 is Mec1 and Chk1 dependent i... | 10.1038/35096061 | The Atm kinase phosphorylates E2f1, enhancing its activity. This indicates a novel mechanism by which ATM might induce p53. |
10.1101/gad.827300 | 62,564,950 | The p19 ARF tumor suppressor antagonizes Mdm2 to induce p53-dependent cell cycle arrest. Individual TKO (triple knock out) mice nullizygous for ARF, p53 , and Mdm2 develop multiple tumors at a frequency greater than those observed in animals lacking both p53 and Mdm2 or p53 alone, demonstrating that p19 ARF can act ind... | 10.1038/35096061 | Mice lacking Arf Mdm2 and p53 show a broader spectrum of tumours than those lacking Mdm2 and p53 . Introduction of p19 Arf into primary MEFs that lack Arf Mdm2 and p53 induces G1 arrest, albeit slowly. Arf must interact with proteins other than Mdm2. |
10.1101/gad.813600 | 41,544,935 | The very late-flowering behavior of Arabidopsis winter-annual ecotypes is conferred mainly by two genes, FRIGIDA ( FRI ) and FLOWERING LOCUS C ( FLC ). A MADS-domain gene, AGAMOUS-LIKE 20 ( AGL20 ), was identified as a dominant FRI suppressor in activation tagging mutagenesis. Overexpression of AGL20 suppresses not onl... | 10.1038/35056041 | A gain-of-function allele of SOC1 was identified as a suppressor of the late-flowering phenotype of frigida fri ) mutants. SOC1 is regulated by all three flowering-time pathways. |
10.1126/science.288.5471.1613 | 20,764,232 | In plants, flowering is triggered by endogenous and environmental signals. CONSTANS (CO) promotes flowering of Arabidopsis in response to day length. Four early target genes of CO were identified using a steroid-inducible version of the protein. Two of these genes, SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 ( SOC1 ) and FLOW... | 10.1038/35056041 | SOC1 , a previously uncharacterized MADS-box gene, was identified as one of four CO target genes. Both SOC1 and FLOWERING LOCUS T FT ) are shown to be positively regulated by CO and negatively regulated by FLC |
10.1073/pnas.96.13.7342 | 122,468,672 | The evolutionary origin of the angiosperms (flowering plants sensu stricto ) is still enigmatic. Answers to the question of angiosperm origins are intimately connected to the identification of their sister group among extinct and extant taxa. Most phylogenetic analyses based on morphological data agree that among the g... | 10.1038/35056041 | This paper describes phylogenetic studies of B-function MADS-box gene orthologues in gymnosperms and angiosperms, and concludes that Gnetales are more closely related to gymnosperms than to angiosperms (see also references 69 70 108 109 |
10.1073/pnas.97.8.4086 | 79,469,265 | Phylogenetic relationships among the five groups of extant seed plants are presently quite unclear. For example, morphological studies consistently identify the Gnetales as the extant sister group to angiosperms (the so-called “anthophyte” hypothesis), whereas a number of molecular studies recover gymnosperm monophyly,... | 10.1038/35056041 | References 115 and 116 present the phylogenetic trees of mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear genes from gymnosperms and angiosperms. The authors conclude that Gnetales are closely related to gymnosperms (see also references 69 70 105 |
10.1242/dev.125.18.3635 | 41,650,361 | The anterior-posterior axis of Drosophila originates from two symmetry-breaking steps during early oogenesis. First, one of the two pro-oocytes within the cyst of 16 germline cells is selected to become the oocyte. This cell then comes to lie posterior to the other germline cells of the cyst, thereby defining the polar... | 10.1038/35038540 | References 11 and 12 show that cadherin-mediated interactions between follicle cells and the oocyte are essential for oocyte positioning. |
10.1093/oso/9780195099713.001.0001 | 125,276,793 | This book presents a unified view of evolutionary algorithms: the exciting new probabilistic search tools inspired by biological models that have immense potential as practical problem-solvers in a wide variety of settings, academic, commercial, and industrial. In this work, the author compares the three most prominent... | 10.1038/35076523 | Survey of all evolutionary computation types, with mathematical characterization of their properties |
10.1162/evco.1998.6.2.109 | 82,987,539 | The paper is in three parts. First, we use simple adversary arguments to redevelop and explore some of the no-free-lunch (NFL) theorems and perhaps extend them a little. Second, we clarify the relationship of NFL theorems to algorithm theory and complexity classes such as NP. We claim that NFL is weaker in the sense th... | 10.1038/35076523 | Readable presentation of 'no free lunch' theorems, an important part of evolutionary computation theory |
10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.197 | 83,284,251 | Natural killer cells can discriminate between normal cells and cells that do not express adequate amounts of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The discovery, both in mouse and in human, of MHC-specific inhibitory receptors clarified the molecular basis of this important NK cell function. However... | 10.1038/35095564 | A comprehensive review of the NKp30, NKp44 and NKp46 receptors and their potential role in tumour recognition. |
10.1126/science.290.5489.84 | 39,451,629 | With the detailed description and analysis of several inhibitory receptor systems on lymphoid and myeloid cells, a central paradigm has emerged in which the pairing of activation and inhibition is necessary to initiate, amplify, and then terminate immune responses. In some cases, the activating and inhibitory receptors... | 10.1038/35095564 | A comprehensive review of the inhibitory immune receptors, including the MHC class I receptors that regulate natural killer cells and T-cell activation. |
10.1126/science.285.5428.727 | 125,332,529 | Stress-inducible MICA, a distant homolog of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, functions as an antigen for γδ T cells and is frequently expressed in epithelial tumors. A receptor for MICA was detected on most γδ T cells, CD8 + αβ T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells and was identified as NKG2D. Effector ... | 10.1038/35095564 | Shows that the NKG2D receptor binds to the stress-induced MIC molecules and activates natural killer cells. |
10.1126/science.285.5428.730 | 18,898,701 | Many immune receptors are composed of separate ligand-binding and signal-transducing subunits. In natural killer (NK) and T cells, DAP10 was identified as a cell surface adaptor protein in an activating receptor complex with NKG2D, a receptor for the stress-inducible and tumor-associated major histocompatibility comple... | 10.1038/35095564 | Shows that the NKG2D receptor signals through a transmembrane adaptor molecule activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. |
10.1073/pnas.93.22.12445 | 122,696,422 | Conventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes encode molecules that present intracellular peptide antigens to T cells. They are ubiquitously expressed and regulated by interferon gamma. Two highly divergent human MHC class I genes, MICA and MICB, are regulated by promoter heat shock elements similar... | 10.1038/35095564 | Reports that the MIC genes are regulated by stress and that MIC-bearing cells are recognized by γδ-TcR + T cells. |
10.1073/pnas.96.12.6879 | 62,489,700 | Human MHC class I-related molecules, MICA and MICB, are stress-induced antigens that are recognized by a subset of γδ T cells expressing the variable region V δ 1. This functional association has been found to be limited to intestinal epithelium, where these T cells are prevalent and where MICA and, presumably, MICB ar... | 10.1038/35095564 | MICA and MICB are overexpressed on primary human tumours, providing targets for the immune system. |
10.1126/science.287.5455.1031 | 123,838,104 | The nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule HLA-E inhibits natural killer (NK) cell–mediated lysis by interacting with CD94/NKG2A receptors. Surface expression of HLA-E depends on binding of conserved peptides derived from MHC class I molecules. The same peptide is present in the leader seq... | 10.1038/35095564 | Reports that the leader segment of human cytomegalovirus protein UL40 binds to human leukocyte antigen-E and protects cells from lysis by natural killer cells bearing the CD94/NKG2A inhibitory receptor. |
10.1073/pnas.95.3.1148 | 19,539,739 | The Belgrade ( b ) rat has an autosomal recessively inherited, microcytic, hypochromic anemia associated with abnormal reticulocyte iron uptake and gastrointestinal iron absorption. The b reticulocyte defect appears to be failure of iron transport out of endosomes within the transferrin cycle. Aspects of this phenotype... | 10.1038/35042073 | By identifying a mutation in the b rat, DMT1 was shown to transport iron into and out of endosomes. |
10.1182/blood.v94.1.9.413a43_9_11 | 121,592,407 | Targeted mutagenesis was used to produce two mutations in the murine hemochromatosis gene (Hfe) locus. The first mutation deletes a large portion of the coding sequence, generating a null allele. The second mutation introduces a missense mutation (C282Y) into theHfe locus, but otherwise leaves the gene intact. This mut... | 10.1038/35042073 | Mice lacking HFE have more severe iron loading than mice carrying the mutation found in human patients with haemochromatosis. |
10.1073/pnas.95.5.2492 | 103,243,553 | Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a common autosomal recessive disease characterized by increased iron absorption and progressive iron storage that results in damage to major organs in the body. Recently, a candidate gene for HH called HFE encoding a major histocompatibility complex class I-like protein was identified... | 10.1038/35042073 | Hfe knockout mice have iron overload, similar to human patients with haemochromatosis. |
10.1073/pnas.96.19.10812 | 29,175,326 | Aceruloplasminemia is an autosomal recessive disorder of iron metabolism. Affected individuals evidence iron accumulation in tissue parenchyma in association with absent serum ceruloplasmin. Genetic studies of such patients reveal inherited mutations in the ceruloplasmin gene. To elucidate the role of ceruloplasmin in ... | 10.1038/35042073 | This targeted disruption produced a mouse model for aceruloplasminaemia, and showed that ceruloplasmin is important for iron efflux from cells. |
10.1126/science.8511591 | 125,130,042 | Mammalian apolipoprotein B (apo B) exists in two forms, each the product of a single gene. The shorter form, apo B48, arises by posttranscriptional RNA editing whereby cytidine deamination produces a UAA termination codon. A full-length complementary DNA clone encoding an apo B messenger RNA editing protein (REPR) was ... | 10.1038/35098584 | This study describes the cloning of APOBEC1 , the first editing enzyme to be cloned. |
10.1101/gad.11.3.321 | 40,547,896 | Transgene expression of the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme (APOBEC-1) causes dysplasia and carcinoma in mouse and rabbit livers. Using a modified differential display technique, we identified a novel mRNA (NAT1 for novel APOBEC-1 target no. 1) that is extensively edited at multiple sites in these livers. The aber... | 10.1038/35098584 | This study identifies NAT1 , the mRNA of which is extensively edited when APOBEC1 is overexpressed in mice and rabbits. |
10.1073/pnas.250426397 | 104,013,517 | We have identified three C/D-box small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and one H/ACA-box snoRNA in mouse and human. In mice, all four snoRNAs (MBII-13, MBII-52, MBII-85, and MBI-36) are exclusively expressed in the brain, unlike all other known snoRNAs. Two of the human RNA orthologues (HBII-52 and HBI-36) share this expressi... | 10.1038/35098584 | Indicates a possible link between snoRNP-mediated modification of mRNA and ADAR activity. |
10.1126/science.273.5280.1399 | 45,524,415 | Amnesic patients and nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease were given a probabilistic classification task in which they learned which of two outcomes would occur on each trial, given the particular combination of cues that appeared. Amnesic patients exhibited normal learning of the task but had severely impaire... | 10.1038/35036213 | This study elegantly dissociates the role of the neostriatal system in mediating the acquisition of habitual responses to complex stimuli and that of the hippocampal system in mediating declarative memory. |
10.1126/science.7652558 | 19,270,654 | A patient with selective bilateral damage to the amygdala did not acquire conditioned autonomic responses to visual or auditory stimuli but did acquire the declarative facts about which visual or auditory stimuli were paired with the unconditioned stimulus. By contrast, a patient with selective bilateral damage to the ... | 10.1038/35036213 | A set of case studies show the separation of memory systems in humans, one involving mediation of fear conditioning by the amygdala and another involving mediation of declarative memory by the hippocampus. |
10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.473 | 104,054,918 | Associative learning enables animals to anticipate the occurrence of important outcomes. Learning occurs when the actual outcome differs from the predicted outcome, resulting in a prediction error. Neurons in several brain structures appear to code prediction errors in relation to rewards, punishments, external stimuli... | 10.1038/35036228 | A review of evidence that dopamine neurons provide a ‘prediction error’ signal that can orchestrate learning of the means to acquire rewards. |
10.1101/gad.9.11.1316 | 18,716,084 | Spore formation in Bacillus subtilis begins with an asymmetric cell division that superficially resembles the division of vegetative cells. Mutations in the spoIIIE gene of B. subtilis partially block partitioning of one chromosome into the smaller (prespore) compartment of the sporulating cell. Point mutations that sp... | 10.1038/35080005 | References 1 and 2 report the discovery of the chromosome segregation function of SpoIIIE. |
10.1126/science.290.5493.995 | 106,963,526 | The SpoIIIE protein of Bacillus subtilis is required for chromosome segregation during spore formation. The COOH-terminal cytoplasmic part of SpoIIIE was shown to be a DNA-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) capable of tracking along DNA in the presence of ATP, and the NH 2 -terminal part of the protein was fou... | 10.1038/35080005 | Demonstration of DNA tracking by the SpoIIIE protein in vitro |
10.1073/pnas.92.19.8630 | 97,477,230 | Mutations in the spoIIIE gene prevent proper partitioning of one chromosome into the developing prespore during sporulation but have no overt effect on partitioning in vegetatively dividing cells. However, the expression of spoIIIE in vegetative cells and the occurrence of genes closely related to spoIIIE in a range of... | 10.1038/35080005 | Demonstration that SpoIIIE has a general role in chromosome segregation. |
10.1073/pnas.96.25.14553 | 123,934,314 | Shortly after the synthesis of the two cells required for sporulation in Bacillus subtilis , the membranes of the larger mother cell begin to migrate around and engulf the smaller forespore cell. At the completion of this process the leading edges of the migrating membrane meet and fuse, releasing the forespore into th... | 10.1038/35080005 | Demonstration of the membrane fusion function of SpoIIIE protein during sporulation. |
10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01198.x | 109,139,827 | Chromosome dimers, formed by homologous recombination between sister chromosomes, normally require cell division to be resolved into monomers by site‐specific recombination at the dif locus of Escherichia coli . We report here that it is not in fact cell division per se that is required for dimer resolution but the act... | 10.1038/35080005 | Unexpected finding of a role for FtsK in the resolution of chromosome dimers. |
10.1126/science.282.5392.1321 | 38,582,068 | Glycine receptors are anchored at inhibitory chemical synapses by a cytoplasmic protein, gephyrin. Molecular cloning revealed the similarity of gephyrin to prokaryotic and invertebrate proteins essential for synthesizing a cofactor required for activity of molybdoenzymes. Gene targeting in mice showed that gephyrin is ... | 10.1038/35067500 | Production of a gephryin knockout mouse. The phenotype is lethal and the mouse shows an exaggerated startle response and loss of glycine receptor clustering. In addition, there are gross metabolic deficits in agreement with a role for gephyrin in the production of the Moco cofactor essential for the function of molybde... |
10.1073/pnas.97.15.8594 | 58,561,111 | γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABA A Rs) are ligand-gated chloride channels that exist in numerous distinct subunit combinations. At postsynaptic membrane specializations, different GABA A R isoforms colocalize with the tubulin-binding protein gephyrin. However, direct interactions of GABA A R subunits with gep... | 10.1038/35067500 | The distribution and interaction of GABA A -receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) and gephyrin were compared in cultured neurons. GABARAP was found almost exclusively in intracellular compartments compared with synaptic sites where a much greater abundance of gephyrin was demonstrated. This distribution is consistent w... |
10.1091/mbc.1.1.99 | 16,859,572 | A rapid rise in the level of cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) is believed to be one of several early triggering signals in the activation of T lymphocytes by antigen. Although Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and its contribution to Ca2+ signaling in many cell types is well documented, relatively little is known ... | 10.1038/35077544 | Lewis and Cahalan described a small highly selective Ca 2+ conductance in lymphocytes that was activated by low intracellular calcium. This current was subsequently named I CRAC by Hoth and Penner (reference 13 |
10.1083/jcb.138.6.1333 | 16,988,377 | TRPC3 (or Htrp3) is a human member of the trp family of Ca2+-permeable cation channels. Since expression of TRPC3 cDNA results in markedly enhanced Ca2+ influx in response to stimulation of membrane receptors linked to phospholipase C (Zhu, X., J. Meisheng, M. Peyton, G. Bouley, R. Hurst, E. Stefani, and L. Birnbaumer.... | 10.1038/35077544 | Presented the first unequivocal evidence that TRPCs form functional ion channels and challenged the concept of TRPCs being store-operated by showing that TRPC3 is activated by intracellular Ca 2+ but not by store depletion. |
10.1126/science.1058519 | 62,416,831 | We cloned and characterized a protein kinase and ion channel, TRP-PLIK. As part of the long transient receptor potential channel subfamily implicated in control of cell division, it is a protein that is both an ion channel and a protein kinase. TRP-PLIK phosphorylated itself, displayed a wide tissue distribution, and, ... | 10.1038/35077544 | Characterizes the ion channel and kinase properties of the novel protein TRP-PLIK, showing that the kinase activity of the protein is required for proper channel function. It is also the first electrophysiological study of a member of the TRPM subgroup. |
10.1083/jcb.149.1.33 | 29,344,487 | Monitoring the fusion of constitutive traffic with the plasma membrane has remained largely elusive. Ideally, fusion would be monitored with high spatial and temporal resolution. Recently, total internal reflection (TIR) microscopy was used to study regulated exocytosis of fluorescently labeled chromaffin granules. In ... | 10.1038/35067069 | References 26 and 27 image for the first time the exocytosis of constitutive secretory vesicles. |
10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.447 | 18,160,828 | ▪ Abstract For many decades, research in judgment and decision making has examined behavioral violations of rational choice theory. In that framework, rationality is expressed as a single correct decision shared by experimenters and subjects that satisfies internal coherence within a set of preferences and beliefs. Out... | 10.1038/35049054 | A balanced survey of the current psychological perspective on deciding. |
10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.227 | 61,329,572 | ▪ Abstract The newly defined field of cognitive neuroscience attempts to draw together the study of all brain mechanisms that underlie our mental life. Historically, the major sensory pathways have provided the most trustworthy insights into how the brain supports cognitive functions such as perception, attention, and ... | 10.1038/35049054 | A comprehensive and enlightening review of the neural processes in the cerebral cortex that underlie sensation and perception. |
10.1152/jn.1996.76.6.4040 | 122,073,315 | 1. The latency between the appearance of a popout search display and the eye movement to the oddball target of the display varies from trial to trial in both humans and monkeys. The source of the delay and variability of reaction time is unknown but has been attributed to as yet poorly defined decision processes. 2. We... | 10.1038/35049054 | This paper describes the time course of the neural process of discriminating the target in a visual search array. It is the first to relate the time of target selection to the time of saccade initiation. |
10.1523/jneurosci.11-06-01855.1991 | 79,675,926 | It has been proposed that the premotor cortex plays a role in the selection of motor programs based on environmental context. To test this hypothesis, we recorded the activity of single neurons as monkeys learned visuomotor associations. The hypothesis predicts that task- related premotor cortical activity before learn... | 10.1038/35049054 | A demonstration of how the premotor cortex is involved in learning arbitrary associations of stimulus to response. |
10.1017/s095252380000715x | 61,653,361 | Abstract We have previously documented the exquisite motion sensitivity of neurons in extrastriate area MT by studying the relationship between their responses and the direction and strength of visual motion signals delivered to their receptive fields. These results suggested that MT neurons might provide the signals s... | 10.1038/35049054 | This paper describes in quantitative terms the relationship between neural activity and the perceptual report when the discriminative stimulus is weak or absent. Even when no sensory evidence was provided, a weak correlation was observed between the report of the monkeys and the discharge rate of the neurons in area MT... |
10.1073/pnas.120018597 | 122,095,250 | Monkeys are able to discriminate the difference in frequency between two periodic mechanical vibrations applied sequentially to the fingertips. It has been proposed that this ability is mediated by the periodicity of the responses in the quickly adapting (QA) neurons of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), instead of... | 10.1038/35049054 | This paper shows the quantitative relationship between the firing rate of neurons in somatosensory cortex and a monkey's report of the frequency of mechanical vibrations applied to the fingertips. The somatosensory cortex, like the visual system, produces decisions that are based on the activity of just a few neurons. |
10.1126/science.2772635 | 16,676,625 | Neuronal activity in the superior temporal sulcus of monkeys, a cortical region that plays an important role in analyzing visual motion, was related to the subjective perception of movement during a visual task. Single neurons were recorded while monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) discriminated the direction of motion of stimu... | 10.1038/35049054 | Binocular rivalry with moving gratings was used to create an ambiguous stimulus that could support two distinct perceptual states. The activity of some neurons in area MT was associated with the perceptual report and not the retinal stimulation. This is the first paper to report an explicit association between the acti... |
10.1523/jneurosci.12-06-02331.1992 | 80,128,592 | Physiological and behavioral evidence suggests that the activity of direction selective neurons in visual cortex underlies the perception of moving visual stimuli. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the effects of cortical microstimulation on perceptual judgements of motion direction. To accomplish this, rhesus mon... | 10.1038/35049054 | This paper shows that electrical stimulation of area MT influences monkeys' decisions about the direction of motion in a display. |
10.1126/science.282.5392.1335 | 103,660,470 | Most natural actions are chosen voluntarily from many possible choices. An action is often chosen based on the reward that it is expected to produce. What kind of cellular activity in which area of the cerebral cortex is involved in selecting an action according to the expected reward value? Results of an analysis in m... | 10.1038/35049054 | Monkeys were required to change their behaviour to continue obtaining reinforcement. The cue to change behaviours was a change in the reinforcement. Neurons in anterior cingulate cortex signalled the transitions. |
10.1126/science.275.5306.1593 | 41,713,287 | The capacity to predict future events permits a creature to detect, model, and manipulate the causal structure of its interactions with its environment. Behavioral experiments suggest that learning is driven by changes in the expectations about future salient events such as rewards and punishments. Physiological work h... | 10.1038/35049054 | This paper proposes a mechanistic model for how behaviour is shaped by reinforcement contingencies. |
10.1126/science.274.5286.427 | 38,402,700 | When humans respond to sensory stimulation, their reaction times tend to be long and variable relative to neural transduction and transmission times. The neural processes responsible for the duration and variability of reaction times are not understood. Single-cell recordings in a motor area of the cerebral cortex in b... | 10.1038/35049054 | This paper provides neurophysiological evidence contradicting one model and supporting an alternative model of response time. Movement-related neural activity in the frontal eye field corresponds to a race or diffusion with a variable rate to a fixed threshold. |
10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00586.x | 38,401,783 | Humans can monitor actions and compensate for errors. Analysis of the human event-related brain potentials (ERPs) accompanying errors provides evidence for a neural process whose activity is specifically associated with monitoring and compensating for erroneous behavior. This error-related activity is enhanced when sub... | 10.1038/35049054 | This paper describes the error-related negativity, a scalp potential that appears when human subjects make errors. The brain's ability to detect errors is a prerequisite to exerting executive control over behaviour. |
10.1126/science.274.5293.1724 | 41,544,908 | Neurons in the cortex of behaving animals show temporally irregular spiking patterns. The origin of this irregularity and its implications for neural processing are unknown. The hypothesis that the temporal variability in the firing of a neuron results from an approximate balance between its excitatory and inhibitory i... | 10.1038/35049054 | The well-known irregularity of neural activity can arise from the deterministic but unpredictable dynamics of neural networks. |
10.1126/science.279.5350.509 | 41,692,574 | The actin cytoskeleton mediates a variety of essential biological functions in all eukaryotic cells. In addition to providing a structural framework around which cell shape and polarity are defined, its dynamic properties provide the driving force for cells to move and to divide. Understanding the biochemical mechanism... | 10.1038/35103068 | These reviews (References 18 20 and 21 ) summarize how the Rho-family GTPases regulate various cellular processes, such as cytoskeletal dynamics, cell adhesion and gene transcription. |
10.1242/jcs.114.10.1829 | 104,363,176 | Rac1, a member of the Ρ family small GTPases, regulates E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. However, it remains to be clarified how the localization and activation of Rac1 are regulated at sites of cell-cell contact. Here, using enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-tagged Rac1, we demonstrate that EGFP-Rac1 i... | 10.1038/35103068 | References 27 66 and 71 show that E-cadherin-mediated cell?cell adhesion leads to the rapid activation of Rac1 or Cdc42. |
10.1083/jcb.137.6.1421 | 104,233,584 | Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell–cell adhesion molecules that require the interaction of the cytoplasmic tail with the actin cytoskeleton for adhesive activity. Because of the functional relationship between cadherin receptors and actin filament organization, we investigated whether members of the Rho family of sma... | 10.1038/35103068 | This paper first documented that the Rho-family GTPases, Rac1 and RhoA, are required for cadherin-mediated cell?cell adhesion in cultured cells. |
10.1126/science.281.5378.832 | 17,651,828 | The small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) Cdc42 and Rac1 regulate E-cadherin–mediated cell-cell adhesion. IQGAP1, a target of Cdc42 and Rac1, was localized with E-cadherin and β-catenin at sites of cell-cell contact in mouse L fibroblasts expressing E-cadherin (EL cells), and interacted with E-cadherin and β-cateni... | 10.1038/35103068 | This paper showed for the first time how Rac1 and Cdc42 regulate E-cadherin-mediated cell?cell adhesion. IQGAP1, an effector of Rac1 and Cdc42, negatively regulates E-cadherin-mediated cell?cell adhesion through dissociation of α-catenin from the cadherin?catenin complex. |
10.1242/jcs.114.4.695 | 62,664,750 | The molecular basis for contact inhibition of cell locomotion is still largely unknown. Cadherins, the major receptors mediating cell-cell adhesion, associate in the cytoplasm with armadillo family proteins, including beta- and gamma-catenin and p120 catenin (p120ctn). E-cadherin-mediated contact formation was shown to... | 10.1038/35103068 | A series of papers (references 76 77 and 78 ) show that p120ctn modulates the activity of the Rho-family GTPases, and that E-cadherin expression inhibits these actions. |
10.1126/science.6356363 | 101,069,747 | The promoter or regulatory region of the mouse gene for metallothionein-I was fused to the structural gene coding for human growth hormone. These fusion genes were introduced into mice by microinjection of fertilized eggs. Twenty-three (70 percent) of the mice that stably incorporated the fusion genes showed high conce... | 10.1038/35048058 | A major advance in regulating the size of an animal. |
10.1098/rstb.1952.0012 | 41,744,237 | It is suggested that a system of chemical substances, called morphogens, reacting together and diffusing through a tissue, is adequate to account for the main phenomena of morphogenesis. Such a system, although it may originally be quite homogeneous, may later develop a pattern or structure due to an instability of the... | 10.1038/35048058 | A tour de force of theoretical biology. Turing's genius, ability to explain things simply, and kind personality are evident in this paper. |
10.1073/pnas.94.7.3363 | 100,819,460 | In rats with unilateral lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway with 6-hydroxydopamine, the motor stimulating effects of levodopa, an indirect dopamine receptor agonist, evidenced by contraversive rotations, become enhanced upon repeated intermittent administration. However, the mechanisms of this behavioral sens... | 10.1038/35086062 | Proof-of-principle study showing the crucial role of the ectopic expression of the dopamine D3 receptor in levodopa sensitization. |
10.1126/science.270.5239.1189 | 122,963,455 | The eye is a privileged site that cannot tolerate destructive inflammatory responses. Inflammatory cells entering the anterior chamber of the eye in response to viral infection underwent apoptosis that was dependent on Fas (CD95)-Fas ligand (FasL) and produced no tissue damage. In contrast, viral infection in gld mice,... | 10.1038/35103104 | This study shows for the first time that FasL is functionally and constitutively expressed in the eye ? an immune-privileged site. |
10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1338 | 68,474,674 | Abstract Constitutive Fas ligand (FasL) expression by specialized cells in the body participates in the immune privilege status of tissues containing these cells. This property has been used to prevent rejection of allogeneic grafts. Nevertheless, the mechanism responsible for such protection has not been fully elucida... | 10.1038/35103104 | References 26 and 27 show the successful gene transfer of FasL to a specific tissue. |
10.1073/pnas.94.8.3943 | 79,471,500 | Binding of CD95 (Fas/APO-1) by its ligand (CD95L) commonly induces apoptosis. Apoptosis of activated T cells, induced by CD95L expressed in the rodent testis, has been proposed to be the mechanism of immune privilege [Bellgrau, D., Gold, D., Selawry, H., Moore, J., Franzusoff, A. & Duke, R. C. (1995) Nature (London... | 10.1038/35103104 | This challenges the ability of forced, ectopic expression of FasL to confer immune privilege and also the ability of FasL to protect Sertoli cell transplants. |
10.1073/pnas.051566098 | 65,345,244 | The testis is the main source of Fas ligand (FasL) mRNA in rodents; it is generally believed that this molecule, expressed on bordering somatic Sertoli cells, bestows an immune-privileged status in the testis by eliminating infiltrating inflammatory Fas-bearing leukocytes. Our results demonstrate that the attribution o... | 10.1038/35103104 | This shows that FasL is expressed in the spermatogonia, not the Sertoli cells of the testis. |
10.1126/science.282.5394.1714 | 1,778,349 | Fas ligand (CD95L) inhibits T cell function in immune-privileged organs such as the eye and testis, yet in most tissues CD95L expression induces potent inflammatory responses. With a stably transfected colon carcinoma cell line, CT26-CD95L, the molecular basis for these divergent responses was defined. When injected su... | 10.1038/35103104 | The work shows the importance of transforming growth factor-β to the function of FasL as a participant in immune privilege. |
10.1126/science.285.5429.898 | 106,999,840 | DNA-damaged cells can either repair the DNA or be eliminated through a homeostatic control mechanism termed “cellular proofreading.” Elimination of DNA-damaged cells after ultraviolet radiation (UVR) through sunburn cell (apoptotic keratinocyte) formation is thought to be pivotal for the removal of precancerous skin ce... | 10.1038/35103104 | This indicates a role for FasL in controlling skin cancer that is induced by ultraviolet damage. |
10.1126/science.1057499 | 41,569,170 | Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS) is an autosomal dominant circadian rhythm variant; affected individuals are “morning larks” with a 4-hour advance of the sleep, temperature, and melatonin rhythms. Here we report localization of the FASPS gene near the telomere of chromosome 2q. A strong candidate gene (h ... | 10.1038/35088576 | First human mutation that affects circadian rhythmicity is associated with an alteration of PER2 . The altered PER2 protein is hypophosphorylated by casein kinase 1ɛ in vitro |
10.1126/science.280.5369.1599 | 41,693,509 | The circadian oscillator generates a rhythmic output with a period of about 24 hours. Despite extensive studies in several model systems, the biochemical mode of action has not yet been demonstrated for any of its components. Here, the Drosophila CLOCK protein was shown to induce transcription of the circadian rhythm g... | 10.1038/35088576 | Establishes that in Drosophila Clock and Cycle positively regulate transcription of per and tim , and that nuclear PER and TIM proteins suppress CLK/CYC activity. |
10.1126/science.288.5465.483 | 62,270,073 | The tau mutation is a semidominant autosomal allele that dramatically shortens period length of circadian rhythms in Syrian hamsters. We report the molecular identification of the tau locus using genetically directed representational difference analysis to define a region of conserved synteny in hamsters with both the ... | 10.1038/35088576 | Cloning of the hamster Tau gene shows that it encodes casein kinase 1ɛ, and that the tau mutation alters phosphorylation and binding to PER in vitro |
10.1126/science.288.5468.1013 | 103,683,055 | We show that, in the mouse, the core mechanism for the master circadian clock consists of interacting positive and negative transcription and translation feedback loops. Analysis of Clock/Clock mutant mice, homozygous Period2 Brdm1 mutants, and Cryptochrome -deficient mice reveals substantially altered Bmal1 rhythms, c... | 10.1038/35088576 | Describes the role of PER2 as a positive regulator of Bmal1 expression, and CRY as a negative regulator of Per and Cry expression in mouse tissues. |
10.1126/science.291.5503.490 | 41,570,069 | Circadian rhythms of behavior are driven by oscillators in the brain that are coupled to the environmental light cycle. Circadian rhythms of gene expression occur widely in peripheral organs. It is unclear how these multiple rhythms are coupled together to form a coherent system. To study such coupling, we investigated... | 10.1038/35088576 | References 56 and 57 show that peripheral clocks can be entrained by non-photic stimuli, such as feeding. |
10.1126/science.282.5393.1488 | 80,157,426 | Circadian clocks are synchronized by environmental cues such as light. Photoreceptor-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana mutants were used to measure the effect of light fluence rate on circadian period in plants. Phytochrome B is the primary high-intensity red light photoreceptor for circadian control, and phytochrome A ac... | 10.1038/35088576 | First report of cryptochromes as circadian photoreceptors in any organism. |
10.1126/science.290.5499.2110 | 62,032,863 | Like most organisms, plants have endogenous biological clocks that coordinate internal events with the external environment. We used high-density oligonucleotide microarrays to examine gene expression in Arabidopsis and found that 6% of the more than 8000 genes on the array exhibited circadian changes in steady-state m... | 10.1038/35088576 | A comprehensive study of clock-controlled transcription in a eukaryote. It establishes a cis -acting element that mediates clock control of transcription in plants. |
10.1126/science.281.5382.1519 | 62,552,923 | Cyanobacteria are the simplest organisms known to have a circadian clock. A circadian clock gene cluster kaiABC was cloned from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus. Nineteen clock mutations were mapped to the three kai genes. Promoter activities upstream of the kaiA and kaiB genes showed circadian rhythms of expression, a... | 10.1038/35088576 | First cloning of clock genes in cyanobacteria. The inter-dependent, cycling expression of the three kai genes is shown. |
10.1126/science.1060698 | 125,142,365 | Clock:BMAL1 and NPAS2:BMAL1 are heterodimeric transcription factors that control gene expression as a function of the light-dark cycle. Although built to fluctuate at or near a 24-hour cycle, the clock can be entrained by light, activity, or food. Here we show that the DNA-binding activity of the Clock:BMAL1 and NPAS2:... | 10.1038/35088576 | A possible connection between redox state of a cell and function of NPAS2, a paralogue of CLOCK that is active in circadian clocks of the mammalian forebrain. |
10.1126/science.280.5369.1564 | 20,505,608 | The mouse Clock gene encodes a bHLH-PAS protein that regulates circadian rhythms and is related to transcription factors that act as heterodimers. Potential partners of CLOCK were isolated in a two-hybrid screen, and one, BMAL1, was coexpressed with CLOCK and PER1 at known circadian clock sites in brain and retina. CLO... | 10.1038/35088576 | Establishes in mammals that CLOCK and BMAL1 positively regulate transcription of Per , and that nuclear PER proteins suppress CLOCK/BMAL1 activity. |
10.1126/science.289.5480.765 | 41,524,495 | The circadian oscillator of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus , like those in eukaryotes, is entrained by environmental cues. Inactivation of the gene cikA (circadian input kinase) shortens the circadian period of gene expression rhythms in S . elongatus by approximately 2 hours, changes the phasing of a subse... | 10.1038/35088576 | Demonstration of clock function of a two-component response regulator and potential photoreceptor. |
10.1084/jem.192.10.1403 | 26,724,550 | The essential upstream steps in granzyme B–mediated apoptosis remain undefined. Herein, we show that granzyme B triggers the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway through direct cleavage of Bid; however, cleavage of procaspases was stalled when mitochondrial disruption was blocked by Bcl-2. The sensitivity of granzyme B–resi... | 10.1038/35101078 | One of several key articles showing that granzyme B kills target cells by inducing changes in mitochondria. |
10.4049/jimmunol.161.5.2195 | 139,042,073 | Abstract We have previously shown that melanoma cells were resistant to apoptosis induced by TNF family members Fas ligand (FasL), TNF-α, and CD40L. FasL also was not involved in CD4 T cell-mediated killing of melanoma cells. In the present study, we have tested melanoma cells for their susceptibility to apoptosis indu... | 10.1038/35101078 | This is the first report that CD4 + T cells might kill melanoma by TRAIL-dependent mechanisms. |
10.4049/jimmunol.165.10.5612 | 102,096,352 | Abstract Past studies have shown that TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induced apoptosis in a high proportion of cultured melanoma by caspase-dependent mechanisms. In the present studies we have examined whether TRAIL-induced apoptosis of melanoma was mediated by direct activation of effector caspases or w... | 10.1038/35101078 | The first indication that TRAIL-mediated apoptosis occurred by recruitment of mitochondrial death pathways. |
10.4049/jimmunol.164.8.3961 | 17,332,412 | Abstract Induction of apoptosis in cells by TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a member of the TNF family, is believed to be regulated by expression of two death-inducing and two inhibitory (decoy) receptors on the cell surface. In previous studies we found no correlation between expression of decoy recepto... | 10.1038/35101078 | A confocal microscopy study of the localization and movement of TRAIL receptors in melanoma and the intracellular signaling involved. |
10.4049/jimmunol.166.9.5337 | 99,477,280 | Abstract Previous studies have shown that activation of NF-κB can inhibit apoptosis induced by a number of stimuli. It is also known that TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can activate NF-κB through the death receptors TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2, and decoy receptor TRAIL-R4. In view of these findings, we have in... | 10.1038/35101078 | An important study showing that activation of NF-κB was involved in resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. |
10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00576.x | 41,755,974 | Abstract Repeated treatment with psychostimulant drugs produces changes in brain and behaviour that far outlast their initial neuropharmacological actions. The nature of persistent drug‐induced neurobehavioural adaptations is of interest because they are thought to contribute to the development of dependence and addict... | 10.1038/35053570 | This study and reference 63 were the first to show that chronic administration of cocaine or the related psychostimulant amphetamine causes alterations in dendritic morphology in specific brain regions. The increases in dendritic length, branch points, and spine density observed in medium spiny neurons of the nucleus a... |
10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.185 | 17,590,649 | The striatum and its ventral extension, the nucleus accumbens, are involved in behaviors as diverse as motor planning, drug seeking, and learning. Invariably, these striatally mediated behaviors depend on intact dopaminergic innervation. However, the mechanisms by which dopamine modulates neuronal function in the stria... | 10.1038/35053570 | A timely review of the physiological effects of dopamine on medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum. It discusses dopamine modulation of ion channels through its actions on several subtypes of dopamine receptors. It also covers recent literature on the occurrence of long-term potentiation and ... |
10.1523/jneurosci.20-15-05575.2000 | 103,219,999 | The mesolimbic dopamine system is essential for reward-seeking behavior, and drugs of abuse are thought to usurp the normal functioning of this pathway. A growing body of evidence suggests that glutamatergic synapses on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are modified during exposure to addictive drugs... | 10.1038/35053570 | Shows the development of long-term depression (LTD) at glutamate synapses in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The authors show that amphetamine, by potentiating the actions of dopamine on D 2 -like receptors, completely abolishes LTD in the VTA. This effect could contribute to the demonstrated ability of amphetamine (... |
10.1523/jneurosci.20-15-05581.2000 | 81,798,426 | Long-lasting adaptations in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system in response to drugs of abuse likely mediate many of the behavioral changes that underlie addiction. Recent work suggests that long-term changes in synaptic strength at excitatory synapses in the two major components of this system, the nucleus accumbens (... | 10.1038/35053570 | This study, like reference 84 , shows that long-term depression (LTD) occurs at glutamate synapses in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and that LTD is inhibited by dopamine acting at D 2 -like receptors. The authors also show LTD at glutamatergic synapses on medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens, although no e... |
10.1073/pnas.91.5.1927 | 19,771,222 | The SRY gene on the human, mouse, and marsupial Y chromosomes is the testis-determining gene that initiates male development in mammals. The SRY protein has a DNA-binding domain (high mobility group or HMG box) similar to those found in the high-mobility-group proteins. SRY is specific for the Y chromosome, but many au... | 10.1038/35056058 | References 8 and 9 together identify SOX3 as the X-chromosome homologue of the male-determining gene SRY , and show that the SRY – SOX3 split probably initiated the X–Y divergence in mammalian ancestors. |
10.1126/science.286.5441.964 | 62,428,712 | Human sex chromosomes evolved from autosomes. Nineteen ancestral autosomal genes persist as differentiated homologs on the X and Y chromosomes. The ages of individual X-Y gene pairs (measured by nucleotide divergence) and the locations of their X members on the X chromosome were found to be highly correlated. Age decre... | 10.1038/35056058 | This paper shows that X and Y chromosomes in the human lineage ceased to recombine with each other in progressive blocks during evolution. |
10.1073/pnas.97.13.7354 | 38,578,187 | Some insight into human evolution has been gained from the sequencing of four Y chromosome genes. Primary genomic sequencing determined gene SMCY to be composed of 27 exons that comprise 4,620 bp of coding sequence. The unfinished sequencing of the 5′ portion of gene UTY1 was completed by primer walking, and a total of... | 10.1038/35056058 | This paper, from a research group which has made considerable use of non-genic non-recombining Y region (NRY) sequence variation to infer aspects of human population history, summarizes the current understanding of human Y-chromosome population genetics using new data on sequence variation in NRY genes themselves. |
10.1126/science.8284674 | 80,659,179 | Comparative studies suggest that sex chromosomes begin as ordinary autosomes that happen to carry a major sex determining locus. Over evolutionary time the Y chromosome is selected to stop recombining with the X chromosome, perhaps in response to accumulation of alleles beneficial to the heterogametic but harmful to th... | 10.1038/35056058 | Experimental evidence that the suppression of recombination is detrimental to the functional integrity of genes in diploid organisms. |
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A large sample of researcher-authored summaries from scientific papers, which leverages the common practice of including authors' comments alongside bibliography items.
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