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0 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
1
Edited by Baffour Ankomah
A BOOK OF AFRICAN RECORDS (BAR) PUBLICATION IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE AFRICAN UNION COMMISSION
THE
BUSTING THE MYTHS | {
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1 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
2
Front cover and book design by Wisdom H T Tayengwa
First published in September 2020
All Rights Reserved
ISBN 978-1-77925-413-9
Printed in South Africa
EDITORIAL BOARD
Professor Simbi Mubako
Pritchard Zhou
Ambassador Kwame Muzawazi
II | {
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2 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
3
Published by the Book of African Records (BAR) in partnership with the African Union
Commission (AUC). BAR signed an MOU with the AUC in 2016 to produce this Factbook.
This edition was funded by the Government of Zimbabwe.
Our Special Thanks to: His Excellency President Emmerson Mnangagw... | {
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3 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
4
SPECIAL RECOGNITION
This Factbook was produced by the Institute of African Knowledge (INSTAK), the sister
institute of the Book of African Records which originally signed an MOU with the African
Union Commission to publish this Factbook.
IV | {
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4 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
5
THE PARTNERSHIP
African Union Commission
H.E Moussa Faki Mahamat, Chairperson
Ambassador Abdoulaye Diop, Chief of Staff
Leslie Richer, Director of Information and Communication
Wynne Musabayana, Head of Communication
Gamal Eldin Ahmed A Karrar, Senior Communication Officer
Sehenemaria... | {
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5 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
6
CONTRIBUTORS
Prof Ngwabi Bhebhe
Prof Charles Finch
Hunter Havlin Adams III
Marika Sherwood
Dr Charles Quist Adade
Femi Akomolafe
Prof Sheunesu Mpepereki
Prof Gilbert Pwiti
SUB-EDITOR
Mabasa Sasa
VI | {
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6 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
7
RESEARCHERS
Alexander Madanha Rusero
Dr Lucky Bangidza
Dr Sambulo Ndlovu
Ellen Maguranyanga
Eng Edmund Maputi
Juliet Gwenzi
Prof Fidelis Duri
Prof Mku Ityokumbul
Prof Sheunesu Mpepereki
Robson Sharuko
Tatenda Duncan Kavu
Tennyson Mutsambi
Vasco Chikwasha
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7 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
8
APPRECIATION
Our profound gratitude goes to the London-based pan-African magazine, New African, and its parent
company IC Publications, for opening their rich archives to us during the preparation of this Factbook.
New African has long been the veritable voice of Africa, and we acknowled... | {
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8 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our special thanks go to the following historians, scholars, writers, Pan-Africanists, and journalists whose
works were quoted in extenso in this Factbook. We are greatly indebted to them. Their invaluable works are
very highly appreciated.
Dr Kwame Nkrumah
Ayi Kwei Ar... | {
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9 | Dr David Imhotep
Prof Everett Borders
Dr Andrzej Wiercinski
Dr Svetla Balabanova
Prof Nnamdi Elleh
JC Moughtin
Fred Pierce
Bruce Holsinger
Ron Eglash
Patrick Hunt
Dr Yozan Mosig
Stephen Gyasi Jnr
Evan Andrews
Kris Hirst
Dr Ivan Hrbek
Cynthia Crossen
Dr J.C. DeGaft Johnson
Prof Jean de Heinzelin de Braucourt
Vladimir Pl... | {
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10 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
10
EDITOR’S NOTE
At last, liberation
has arrived
“For too long, others have spoken for us.” These words by Lonnie Bunche, the
founding director of the African-American Museum of Culture and History in
Washington DC, sums up, in a way, what The Africa Factbook is all about. For six
cent... | {
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11 | misunderstanding) of African history.” This is why Ambassasor Kwame Muzawazi,
the CEO of the Institute of African Knowledge (INSTAK), insists that “an African
historian does not study history to understand the past but to liberate himself from
the past”.
Liberating ourselves from the past, a past of lies and twistin... | {
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12 | centuries of calumny spewed by European historians and their cousins in the wider
Western world.
In the words of one African Union official, after reading the first rough draft
of The Africa Factbook: “With the right promotion, the Factbook should stop the
X | {
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13 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
11
process of maligning Africa and turn things upside down in the proportion of
Darwin’s theory of evolution.”
The Africa Factbook is divided into four sections. Section A sets out to bust some
of the key myths about Africa. Section B deals with country profiles and fast facts
about Afri... | {
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14 | worked with is the one popularised by the Jamaican singer Peter Tosh: “Don’t care
where you come from. As long as you’re a black man, you are an African.”
No cows have been sacred in the preparation of the Factbook. Tired of being
libelled and slandered for the last six centuries, Africa has roused itself from sleep... | {
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15 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
12
PUBLISHERS’ NOTE
For over 600 years, Africa has mostly been silent whilst historians in world capitals
have taken it upon themselves to define us. They mostly succeeded because we kept
quiet. But no one could have said it better than Martin Luther King Jnr: “There
comes a time when si... | {
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16 | does not have written or readable history. Records of our experiences exist in many
more ways than the conventional writing. We were busy experiencing our colourful
lives and rich ceremonies, our wildlife, our open skies, our long sunny days than
rushing to cut down trees to have paper to write on. As far back as th... | {
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17 | before the English people adopted a Bible. Therefore, on the question of evangelising,
it’s me who should be sending missionaries to England, not vice versa”.
Today, we need more letters by the Tewodros of Africa to the Victorias of the
world. The Africa Factbook is written in this Tewodran spirit.
The world is exper... | {
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18 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
13XIII
SPECIAL INTRO
Zimbabwe as a country feels privileged to have had the first opportunity to host and
support the production of the first edition of The Africa Factbook. The expectations
are high but we believe the team responsible for production did a sterling job that
for many gene... | {
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19 | have given more to the world than taken from it. In the following pages, we see that
since day one of human existence, we as Africans have always been seeking human
progress, neighbourly co-existence and the common good.
Many of the conflicts and wars bedevilling our old and rich motherland could
be ended by simply... | {
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20 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
14
INTRODUCTION
The history of the world and the endeavours of the human race are told through the
stories of people and their cultures. Some stories are well known; some are still to be
told. For centuries, the story of Africa has largely been told by others, often by those
who have occ... | {
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21 | start by setting the record straight, by presenting the facts about the continent. As
part of our effort to end poverty and build a better future, we need to present Africa
as it is, as it was, and how we wish it to be.
We must challenge the myths that have for too long stood in the way of
international cooperation... | {
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22 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
15XV
“Until the story of the hunt is told by the lion,
the tale of the hunt will always glorify the hunter” – African proverb | {
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23 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
16
Section A
1. Ancient Egypt, our roots! | 1
2. Who were the Ancient Egyptians? | 27
3. Africa has a history! | 43
4. The gods are not crazy | 59
5. The Later Stone Age Cultures of Southern Africa | 69
6. Race: To be black is to be different, not inferior | 89
7. African foundat... | {
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24 | 15. Djibouti | 389
16. Egypt | 395
17. Equatorial Guinea | 403
18. Eritrea | 409
19. Eswatini | 417
20. Ethiopia | 423
21. Gabon | 431
22. The Gambia | 439
23. Ghana | 447
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25 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
17
24. Guinea | 457
25. Guinea Bissau | 465
26. Kenya | 473
27. Lesotho | 483
28. Liberia | 489
29. Libya | 497
30. Madagascar | 505
31. Malawi | 513
32. Mali | 521
33. Mauritania | 529
34. Mauritius | 537
35. Morocco | 545
36. Mozambique | 553
37. Namibia | 561
38. Niger | 5... | {
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26 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
18
For almost a millennium, Euro-American historians, writers and journalists have
told the world that Africa has contributed almost nothing to world civilisation,
even though Africans created the world’s first real civilisation in Ancient Egypt,
which taught the world almost all the thi... | {
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27 | representation on the world map – how Africa, the second largest continent in the world, is
represented on the world map smaller than Canada, Russia, Western Europe even, and yet
the opposite is the reality.
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28 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
19 | {
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29 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
1
Ancient Egypt, our roots!
The Sphinx is one of the most recognisable
symbols of Ancient Egypt, from where the
ancestors of most Black Africans today
migrated over several thousands of years and
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30 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
2
Nobody mourns an unnoticed death.
F
ew controversies have hit Africa, since the death of Christ, greater than the
denial of the ownership of Ancient Egypt, one of the world’s greatest empires
that developed in the Nile Valley of northeast Africa, along the contours
of the Nile River, t... | {
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31 | In October 1998, one reader of the London-based pan-African magazine, New
African, took grave issue with the magazine’s Editor, Baffour Ankomah, for daring
to assert in his personal column (published in May 1998) that: “On 22 March this
year [1998], the world was astounded to ‘discover’ that on the day of the Equino... | {
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32 | articulated by some African-American scholars of black history.” This coming
from an African was extraordinary. But that reader is not the only African who
holds that belief.
On 8 January 2020, when Zimbabwe’s leading newspaper The Herald published
a story about the first draft of The Africa Factbook having been pr... | {
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33 | – in short, it is for the sake of Global Africa that the important subject of Ancient
Egypt opens the critical work of The African Factbook. The Ethiopians say, “truth
and morning become light with time”, hence The Africa Factbook must be the right
place and time to put the alleged “pseudo-science” and “extravagant ... | {
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34 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
3
So here we go. We start by first connecting with Chancellor Williams, one of
the greatest historians and scholars to walk the land of Global Africa. In his life-
changing book published in 1974, The Destruction of Black Civilisation: Great Issues
Of A Race, From 4500 BC To 2000 AD, Chan... | {
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35 | agent for the Crisis and the Norfolk Journal and Guide. This was like turning on
the floodlights of heaven; for the books on our race, listed on the back pages of
the Crisis, started me off on their never-ending search, raising more questions as I
The Great Pyramid of Giza remained
the tallest building in the world... | {
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36 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
4
progressed through school, questions whose answers were even more perplexing.
For, having read everything about the African race that I could get my hands on, I
knew even before leaving high school that (a) The land of the Blacks was not only
the ‘cradle of civilisation’ itself but tha... | {
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37 | “In short, no books or other studies in high school and college answered or
gave clues to answers to the problems that puzzled me the most. For no matter
what the factual data were, all the books written about Blacks by their conquerors | {
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38 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
5
He who gives you a rope, tie him with it.
reflected the conquerors viewpoints. Nothing else should have been expected. And,
considering how thorough-going was the capture of the minds of the Blacks, it
is really not surprising that so many Negro scholars still faithfully follow in the
... | {
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39 | civilisation alone – what the Blacks themselves achieved independently of either
Europe or Asia. “This was an entirely new approach to the study of the history of
the Blacks. It meant, first of all, segregating traditional African institutions from
those later influenced by Islamic Asia and Christian Europe.
“In th... | {
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40 | completely blotted out the achievements of the African race from the annals of
history – just how could this be done on such a universal scale? (c) How and under
what circumstances did Africans, among the very first people to invent writing,
lose this art almost completely? (d) Is there a single African race, one Af... | {
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41 | capitalised here to distinguish it from modern Egypt), and no matter what myth is
created to deny its African origins, it will not succeed because facts, like prestigious
wine, become better with age. In fact, to render it correctly as the EU’s Eurostat
Statistical Yearbook, January 2003, put it: “Two things gain gr... | {
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42 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
6
Punish him if he lies and teach him good manners.
In the beginning
“The reliable facts” about Ancient Egypt say that the subjugation of Africa and its
peoples began in earnest with the control of their minds which to date has reaped
surplus dividends to outsiders, especially the Europea... | {
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43 | thundered: “Think, think, think, my son. Do not lose hold of what you as an
African has achieved by the unstinting sacrifices and struggles of those whose
shoulders you stand today. Unless you take possession of your own history and
love the memories flowing from it, you will lose confidence in yourself.”
The Kenya... | {
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44 | and it behoves us, the inheritors of any and every benefit of those sacrifices, never
to forget. A people without memory are in danger of losing their soul.”
Ngugi then asks: “Is the task in front of us – that of the recovery of the African
historical memory and dreams – too difficult a task? There is no way out of ... | {
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45 | was created by Hamites whom he regarded as “Caucasians [belonging] to the same
branch of mankind as almost all Europeans.” Seligman was in fact continuing
from where Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, professor at Gottingen University
in Germany, had left. In 1795, Blumenbach had put forward the “superiority of
Caucasian... | {
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46 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
7 | {
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47 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
8
But the Ancient Egyptians called themselves Kemmui, which meant black, written
in their language Medu-Neter or hieroglyphics as a block of wood charred at the
ends. For the early Greeks, to whom Europe gives credit for having been the
founders of European civilisation, the idea of dist... | {
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48 | and elsewhere on the continent. Inherent in this distortion is a flawed principle
that implicitly admits the truth of the Negro-Egyptian civilisation, hence the very
need for concealment.
Crucially, the concealment saturated 18th century European consciousness.
For, Europe is aware that almost half of the recorded h... | {
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49 | erect a false edifice, which has to be maintained at all cost. Today, based on this
edifice, there is a school of thought that says since Africans have no history of any
real significance to the rest of the world, they are a non-essential factor for the
advancement of the human race. In other words, the Africans are... | {
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50 | to the Greeks), a river whose sources are deeply embedded in the valleys of East
Africa, from two great lakes – the first and the largest in Africa known by the Luo
people of Kenya as Namlolwe and as Nalubaale by the Lugandans, but is known as
Lake Victoria by the British explorer John Hanning Speke who arrogantly c... | {
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51 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
9 | {
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52 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
10
The Africans themselves did not call the country Egypt. Originally, they called
it Chem or Chemi and later Kemet. Records show that it was the Greeks who
unwittingly contributed to the use of the name Egypt for the entire country. Egypt
was originally the second name of the city of Me... | {
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53 | and not the colour of their soil, as some writers have needlessly strained themselves
in asserting,” Chancellor Williams cares to emphasise.
The name Nile is also Greek. The black, indigenous people of Kemet called the
Nile “Hapi” or “Ar”. The Greeks changed the name to Nile after they invaded Kemet
and occupied it ... | {
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54 | Mark 15:21; Luke 23:26). All these black lands were sometimes generically or
collectively referred to as Ethiopia, which is different from modern-day Ethiopia
(that used to be called Abyssinia).
It was Pharoah Narmer (also called Menes), a Black man, who built Memphis,
the capital city named after him that became so... | {
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55 | the Mediterranean Sea. King Menes united the “Two Lands” under African rule
and began the historic First Dynasty of Egypt. As Chancellor Williams insists:
“There was in fact no ‘Egypt’ before Menes built Memphis. Historians of Ancient
Egypt would do well to pause and ponder longer over the question of the ‘Two
Land... | {
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56 | northeast Ethiopia.
Knowledge is not the main thing, but deeds. | {
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57 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
11
terminologies was at once a blessing and a curse in the history of the Blacks. Not
knowing the racist twist that modern history was to take, these early historians,
geographers and travellers reported what they found and described peoples in their
own terms of speech. In doing so, the... | {
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58 | matter for posterity by calling Egypt the Thebald and the Blacks Thebans because
Thebes (Nowe) was the oldest and greatest centre of black civilisation. The ‘curse’
referred to above concerns the amazing success of modern writers in so blotting
out, obscuring, or reinterpreting the earlier writers on Africa so that ... | {
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59 | that the Asians who had come to settle in Lower Egypt as travellers and refugees
were a very smart and cunning people. “Once conquered, they feigned complete
and humble acceptance of African rule. Far from showing the slightest signs of
any feeling of racial superiority, they were such masters of the art of dissembl... | {
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60 | developing across the river on the right bank. This community was to become the
Asian city of Fostat that would challenge the supremacy of the capital city and
eventually help to change its African character and cause its final destruction.
Fostat now behold the modern city of Cairo where ancient Memphis once stood,... | {
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61 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
12
Chancellor Williams urges Africans to consider the time continuum in the history
of the Blacks in reference to the state of civilisation in the lands from which the
Asians and the other invading groups came during the first 1,000 years of Black
ascendancy in Egypt and ancient Sudan. “... | {
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62 | that had been characteristic of Southern Ethiopia [now Sudan] from the earliest
times. The Great Pyramid remained the tallest building in the world for over 4,000
years. In short, what great contributions did these roaming nomads have to make
to an already highly developed black civilisation? Since even Jerusalem wa... | {
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63 | historians with the name ‘Cephren’, carried on and built the second Great Pyramid.
But he went farther. He built the Great Sphinx and, as though he intended to settle
the question of his racial identity for all ages to come, he had his African features so
boldly and clearly carved into a portrait statue that not eve... | {
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64 | so many centuries that it is amazing how so universal a consensus was reached by
Caucasian writers in almost every age.”
Chancellor Williams then turns his attention to the people of Egypt proper,
the people who populated the “Two Lands”, and says: “The fact of Black rulers,
however, is not as important as the fact... | {
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65 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
13
President Anwar Sadat,
an indigenous Egyptian
“It was a society of scientists, scholars, organised religions with organised
priesthoods, mathematicians, scribes, architects, engineers, standing armies and
generals, stone and brick masons, carpenters, artists, sculptors, cloth makers, ... | {
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66 | which was later corrupted into Pharoah by foreigners to refer to the Egyptian kings
on account of the great buildings in which they lived. In their attempt to whiten
the Ancient Egyptian civilisation, Western historians have found it necessary to
blatantly ignore the many stupendous primeval monuments in both modern... | {
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67 | Africa. In fact, Hannibal (247-183 BC) from Carthage (Tunisia) who fought against
Rome and Spain, and who has been so “whitened” by Europeans, issued a coin after
he defeated the Romans at Trasimene which showed a Negro African on one side
and an elephant on the other (Polybius, Book 3). Ernest Babelon, a numismatis... | {
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68 | twilight of the Neolithic Age, Europeans were dwelling in caves. When pastoral
existence began in Europe, Africans had, for centuries, harvested corn, made wine,
wrote philosophical treatises, studied the stars, built complex buildings, produced
mystics and divine incantations (sages, gurus, prophets), and laid down... | {
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69 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
14
Queen Hatshepsut
The French writer, Count Constantin de Volney in his book, The Ruins of
Empires, clearly states that the black people of Kemet were the first to “attain the
physical and moral sciences necessary to civilised life”, adding: “It was, then, on
the borders of the Upper Ni... | {
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70 | who left 430 years later as a three-million-strong Jewish community, acquiring all
the elements of its future tradition (including monotheism and circumcision), the
pyramids of Kemet were already a collector’s item.
Land of the Blacks
The Greeks themselves confirmed – right from Herodotus, Isocrates to Plutarch
- th... | {
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71 | Queen Maatkare Hatshepsut (1778 – 1458 BC, 18th Dynasty), the daughter
of King Tutmoses II, wrote in her tomb: “I have restored what was cast down. I
have built up what was uncompleted. Since the Asiatics arrived in this land, and
the barbarians were among them, destroying buildings, while they governed, not
knowin... | {
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72 | antiquity and modern times. The Negro of the Nile Delta inbred gradually with
Mediterraneans who continually infiltrated Egypt at a time when all the major
Kemetic civilisations had been in place.
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73 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
15
The Rosetta Stone
During the 18th century, there was a renewed interest by Europe in Egyptian
gold and artefacts. This made possible the decipherment of the Rosetta Stone
(which is currently in the British Museum). It was found in 1799 at the mouth of
the River Nile by members of Napo... | {
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74 | Figeac’s publication of Jean-Francois’ correspondence established a major piece
of evidence from a European which should render all suppositions unnecessary
regarding Negro Egypt. As early as 233 BC (18th Dynasty), the Egyptians
continuously represented the two groups of their own race in a manner that could
not po... | {
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75 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
16
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races then known to the Egyptians (Kemmui, Nahasi, Namou, and Tahmou) are
consistently arranged in relation to the god, Horus, also bestowed on them th... | {
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76 | man who comes next: he belongs to the black race designated Nahasi. The third
man present a very different aspect; his skin colour borders on yellow or tan; he
has a strong aquiline nose, thick, black pointed beard and wears a short garment
of varied colours; these called Namou. Finally, the last one, what we call t... | {
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77 | We find there, Egyptians and Africans represented in the same way, which could
not be otherwise; but Namou [the Asian] and Tahmou [Indo-European] present
significant and curious variants. I certainly did not expect, on arriving here to
find sculptures that could serve as vignettes for history of primitive Europeans,... | {
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78 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
17
Even the gods were painted black
The Ancient Egyptians went as far as painting the images of their gods in coal-
tar black. There are records showing that early Christendom worshipped and
converted the Kemetic “divine mother” Aset (Isis) and Horus, her son, as blacks
until the era of t... | {
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79 | an expression of two Negro shades. The Ancient Egyptians did not differentiate
themselves from the Nubians as a separate race. When foreigners, principally the
Assyrians, Persians and the Hykos (Indo-Europeans) invaded Egypt, the natives
sought refuge in Nubia to drive them out. It was as natural a kinship as Britai... | {
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80 | science has confirmed beyond doubt that atom particles contain elements of light
which the Ancient Egyptians portrayed as a ray of the sun, and also makes the
“plants grow green” (Great Hymns of Aton-King Akhenaton). Yet science, in the
hands of the Western world, has become inimical to the spirit. This centrality o... | {
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81 | scholars and institutions. The very calendar of 365 days, the division of the day into
12-hour cycles, all created by Kemetic scientists and astrologers 4,000 years ago,
based on the movement of the sun, are still in use today, as if they were invented
A fly that has no one to advice it, follows the corpse into the ... | {
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82 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
18
by European scientists. Imhotep (2980 BC), mystic, poet and scientist, who lived
in the court of King Djoser, is the father of medicine, not Hippocrates as the world
has been led to believe. Imhotep diagnosed and treated diseases, and wrote a
number of books on the bladder, liver, ski... | {
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83 | “In Egyptian eyes, the Pharaoh was a god himself, who stood between heaven
and earth. His personal welfare and the welfare of the entire people were bound
tightly together. The Pharaoh was in charge of the army, and would go to war when
his lands were threatened – demanding valuable gifts from the conquered people, ... | {
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84 | gradually changed over time, as new gods became more important, and some less
so. The rise and fall of gods and goddesses seem to have mirrored the political
fortunes of the different temples and priesthoods.
“For example, when the rulers of Thebes became kings of all Egypt, and founded
the New Kingdom, its local g... | {
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85 | Continuing, the TimeMap website explains what made Ancient Egypt tick:
“As with all pre-industrial civilisations, Ancient Egypt’s economy was based on
agriculture. The great majority of the people were peasant farmers. Because of the
fertile nature of the Nile Valley, they were able to produce large surpluses which ... | {
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86 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
19
sustained the refined lifestyle of the Pharaoh and his court, his officials, the priests
and all the other members of the elite. Peasants also provided the mass labour
which built the pyramids and temples along the Nile Valley.
“Farming in Egypt was dependent completely on the Nile Ri... | {
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87 | however, there were numerous urban settlements in the Nile Valley, and Memphis
was one of the largest cities in the world, if not at times the largest. In the Bronze
Age, international trade was almost the same as diplomacy, taking the form of
exchanges of ‘gifts’ between rulers. The Egyptians were ideally situated ... | {
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88 | hereditary landowners (nobles). Slavery was known in Ancient Egypt, but its extent
is unclear. Most slaves seem to have been used as domestic servants in wealthy
households rather than as agricultural workers. By law, slaves were able to buy and
sell, like other people, or work their way to freedom. Women seem to ha... | {
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89 | TimeMap went on. “It has been suggested that the Ancient Greeks got the very idea
of monumental building in stone from the Egyptians.
“What is unmistakable is that this ancient civilisation has exercised an
unmatched spell upon future civilisations. The Greeks already regarded Egypt as
a land of wisdom and mystery,... | {
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90 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
20
the modern European fascination with Egypt was fuelled by [the French emperor]
Napoleon’s conquest of the country in 1798. Modern Egyptology started at that
date, and has continued ever since.
“The civilisation of Ancient Egypt is known for its stupendous achievements
in a whole rang... | {
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91 | architecture; in irrigation and agricultural methods; as well as in developing some
of the earliest ships. They built many temples which were used as places of worship
and also as granaries and treasuries where grain and goods were stored.
“So, what, in sum, is the place of Ancient Egypt in world history? It is sure... | {
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92 | successor. Arguably, however, the successor to Egyptian civilisation was humanity
itself, since Egypt bequeathed many ideas and concepts to the world, in addition
to mathematical and astronomical knowledge. One example is the impact of
Egypt upon the Old Testament, which continues to affect the lives of many people ... | {
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93 | Tonybee went on to say: “Israel’s period of slavery in Egypt resulted in especial
concern for the gerim (stranger) in their midst. Egypt may have influenced Hebrew
writing, while Egyptian understanding of the role of the King as mediator between
heaven and earth may have informed the Hebrew’s understanding of societ... | {
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94 | AFRICA FACTBOOK: SECTION A
21
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was translated (300-200 BC). It is also in Egypt where Philo, Origen, and Clement
of Alexandria, among other significant contributors to Jewish and Ch... | {
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95 | by foreigners as Ancient Egypt. One writer sums up the invasions as follows:
“During the 18th dynasty, Egypt restored its control over Nubia and began military
campaigns in Palestine, clashing with other powers in the area such as the Hittites.
Egypt went on to establish the world’s first great empire, stretching fr... | {
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96 | SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK
22
“In 728 BC, Nubian pharaohs beginning with Shabako, ruler of the Nubian
kingdom of Kush, established their own dynasty in Egypt – the 25th – at Thebes.
Under Kushite rule, Egypt clashed with the growing Assyrian empire. In 671 BC,
the Assyrian ruler Esarhaddon drove the Kushite king T... | {
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97 | “The tyrannical rule of Xerxes (486-465 BC) sparked increased Egyptian
uprisings under him and his successors. One of these rebellions triumphed in
404 BC, beginning one last period of Egyptian independence under native rulers
(dynasties 28-30). In the mid-fourth century BC, the Persians again attacked
Egypt, reviv... | {
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98 | the Assyrians came in 671 BC (as prophesied by Jeremiah and Ezekiel in the Bible),
then Babylon (under Nebuchadnezzer) twice invaded Egypt in 601 BC and 569
BC, then Eygpt was conquered by the Persians in 525 BC, then the Greeks in 332
BC (under Alexander the Great, until his death in 232 BC, then his generals took ... | {
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99 | occupation from 1882 after the Anglo-Egyptian War until 1952, even though
modern Egypt got its independence from Britain on 28 February 1922.
During the thousands of years of the invasions, the core people of Ancient
Egypt remained black. Though the invaders came with immigrant populations
who mingled with the nati... | {
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